To investigate the effects of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer in crop-livestock recycling system on the growth and development, yield, quality of pepper and soil physical-chemical properties, and to determine the optimal substitution ratio, the pepper variety ‘Xiangyan 2307' was used as experimental material, and a plot trial was conducted with five treatments: CK (blank control, no fertilization), T1 (conventional fertilization, applying 100 kg/667 m2 compound fertilizer), T2 (optimized chemical fertilization, with 20% nitrogen reduction, 60% phosphorus reduction and 46.7% potassium reduction), T3 (organic-inorganic combined application, replacing 15% chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer on the basis of T2), and T4 (organic-inorganic combined application, replacing 30% chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer on the basis of T2). The growth and development indexes (plant height, width, fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit transverse diameter), quality (soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, vitamin C content, nitrate content) of peppers, as well as soil physical-chemical properties (total nitrogen, organic matter, pH, etc.) were measured to obtain the optimal proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer in pepper cultivation. The test results showed that compared with the T1 conventional fertilization treatment, under the T4 treatment, the plant height, width, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, single fruit weight, yield, vitamin C content and soluble sugar content of pepper were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the nitrate content was reduced. Regarding soil physicochemical properties, compared to conventional fertilization (T1), the treatments with organic fertilizer substitution showed no statistically significant differences in soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium (P>0.05), but exhibited significantly lower alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium contents, and a significantly higher soil pH (P<0.05). Among all treatments, T4 had the highest soil organic matter content, with statistically significant differences compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, a 30% substitution ratio of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer yielded the best results for pepper growth, yield, and quality, while also improving soil physicochemical properties.