To address the issue of low combustion rate and low thermal efficiency existing in small and medium-sized biomass pellet hot blast stove, large-scale biomass pellet hot blast stove with high combustion rate, thermal efficiency and emission compliance have been developed. This paper analyzes their structure and summarizes the product maturation and shaping process as well as the promotion and application situation, aiming to promote their wide application. It is a thermal energy equipment that uses biomass pellets as fuel. Its structure mainly includes the feeding system, combustion system, heat exchange system, control system and smoke exhaust system, etc. By adopting technologies such as variable feeding, counter-current boiling combustion, and chain plate peristaltic closed ash cleaning, problems like incomplete combustion of biomass pellets and excessive particulate matter emissions have been solved, effectively enhancing the combustion rate. The thermal energy exchange system designed based on the tangential swirl air distribution structure of fluid dynamics (CFD) flow field simulation has solved the problems of high gas flow resistance and low thermal efficiency. It features low resistance in the circulating flue of the hot blast stove, large heat exchange area and high thermal efficiency. By adopting a PLC core controller, high-precision sensors for temperature, pressure, oxygen content, etc., and efficient intelligent algorithms, precise control of feeding speed, combustion and air flow has been achieved. The large-scale biomass pellet hot blast stove developed has advantages such as high combustion rate and thermal efficiency, low resistance of the circulating flue, and large heat exchange area. After being tested by the Anhui Provincial Agricultural Machinery Test and Appraisal Station, the indicators of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter meet the relevant standard requirements. This product has been applied in over 20 provinces and cities, achieving good economic and social benefits, and providing a reference for the research and development and industrialization of large-scale biomass pellet hot blast stove equipment.

The breeding process and characteristics of wheat variety Qinglin 139 were summarized, and its high yield cultivation techniques in the regions along the Huai River and in Huaibei region were analyzed. This variety was developed through systematic breeding, with Jike 32 as the female parent and Zhoumai 26 as the male parent. In the 2019-2021 regional trials of the semi-winter wheat group in Anhui Province, the total growth period was recorded as 224.0-225.2 d, and its agronomic traits were excellent. The yield ranged from 8 004.0 to 8 292.0 kg/hm², representing an increase of 0.66%-5.97% compared to Jimai 22. It exhibited moderate resistance to fusarium head blight, good stem elasticity, and strong lodging resistance. The average grain bulk density was 826 g/L, with a protein content (dry basis) of 13.49%, a wet gluten content of 30.0%, and it was classified as medium-gluten wheat. High yield cultivation techniques included fine land preparation, deep plowing to 25-30 cm followed by leveling and compaction, and straw crushing to less than 5 cm. Base fertilization was primarily based on organic fertilizer, supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc fertilizers. Additional nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the jointing stage based on seedling conditions. The suitable sowing period in the regions along the Huai River and in Huaibei region was from October 15 to 25, with an appropriate seeding rate of 157.5-187.5 kg/hm². Key disease prevention measures targeted sharp eyespot disease, using agents such as tebuconazole for seed dressing or spraying, combined with the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance resistance. For mechanical harvesting, the stubble height was kept below 15 cm, and timely sun-drying after harvest was recommended to reduce grain moisture content to below 13%. This study provides a reference for the further promotion and cultivation of this variety.

Wanyou 66 was a mid-late maturing three-line hybrid rice variety using the indica-type three-line sterile line Wan 8A as the female parent and the high quality, blast-resistant restorer line Wanhui 66 as the male parent. The characteristics and high yield cultivation techniques of this variety were introduced in the Wuyishan region of Fujian Province. From 2022 to 2024, multi-location demonstration and trial experiments of this variety were conducted in Wuyishan City. It was characterized by a suitable growth period, strong tillering ability, and uniform panicle structure in field cultivation. The yield ranged from 8 349.4 to 9 596.0 kg/hm². The variety exhibited resistance to rice blast and good lodging resistance, as well as a high head rice rate, good grain appearance, and desirable palatability. Its high yield cultivation techniques included selecting an appropriate sowing date (late April to early May) and adjusting the seeding rate according to different transplanting methods; cultivating strong seedlings through treatments such as chemical seed soaking, paclobutrazol application, and “farewell fertilizer and farewell pesticide” before transplanting; achieving reasonable planting density to establish an efficient population; implementing a fertilization strategy of “heavy base fertilizer, early topdressing, and supplemental panicle and grain fertilizer” combined with a water management model of “shallow water, sun-drying, and alternating wet and dry conditions” to promote tillering, panicle formation, and lodging resistance; applying pesticides such as 16% emamectin benzoate·indoxacarb at 150 g/hm² to control pests like the rice stem borer; and harvesting under sunny conditions when 90% of the panicles were mature. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in relevant regions.

To investigate the regulatory effects of mixed application of 3% diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate · 27% ethephon and zinc sulfate on summer maize, Hanyu 398 was used as the experimental material. 5 fertilization treatments were set up: F0 (no fertilization), F1 (conventional compound fertilizer), F2 (sulfur-coated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer), F3 (urea-formaldehyde slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer), and F4 (polymer-coated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer). 3 spray treatments were applied: P0 (spraying with clear water), P1 (spraying with 3% diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate·27% ethephon), and P2 (spraying with 3% diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate·27% ethephon + zinc sulfate). The effects of each treatment on plant traits, ear traits, and yield of summer maize were analyzed. The results showed that, across all fertilization treatments, compared with P0, P1 reduced plant height, ear height, 1000-kernel weight, and kernel number per ear by 3.0-14.6 cm, 3.0-12.3 cm, 2.5-15.0 g, and 3.1-59.5 grains, respectively, while yield was reduced by 1.5%-18.9%. In contrast, compared with P1, P2 increased plant height, ear height, 1000-kernel weight, and kernel number per ear by 1.0-14.5 cm, 1.5-10.5 cm, 0.5-16.0 g, and 4.4-40.8 grains, respectively, while yield was increased by 1.2%-17.9%. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the combined application of 3% diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate·27% ethephon and zinc sulfate could achieve better chemical control effects in maize cultivation.

To clarify the influence of different agronomic traits on rice yield, a grey relational analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation between agronomic traits and yield using 11 hybrid rice varieties, including Quanliangyou 985 and Quanyou 1001. Variance analysis was also performed on the plot yield of each rice variety. The results showed that the relational degree between 10 agronomic traits and yield, in descending order, was as follows: growth period (0.859 8) > plant height (0.825 7) > seed-setting rate (0.763 1) > 1000-grain weight (0.740 6) > panicle length (0.734 2) > number of effective ears per plant (0.675 3) > total grain number (0.634 7) > filled grains per panicle (0.623 9) > number of filled grains (0.622 0) > total grains per panicle (0.562 1). According to the principle of grey relational analysis, the growth period was identified as the primary factor affecting the yield of the tested rice varieties. The variance analysis results indicated that the plot yield of Quanliangyou 985 was significantly different from other varieties at both the 0.05 and 0.01 levels. Except for Quanliangyou Jingsimiao, the plot yields of the other nine varieties were significantly higher than that of Fengliangyou No.4 (CK). Overall, nine varieties, including Quanliangyou 985, Quanyou 1001, and Quankeyou 211, demonstrated promising prospects for widespread cultivation.

The breeding process of Aihemai No.6 was summarized. Based on its performance in the regional trials of the Wanhuai Wheat Variety Test Consortium in Anhui Province, its agronomic traits, yield, and comprehensive resistance were analyzed, and its high yield cultivation techniques were explored. The variety was developed as a new semi-winter wheat through multiple years of hybridization using the intermediate material of Yannong 19/Zhoumai 22 as the female parent and Bainong 207 as the male parent, followed by pedigree selection. It was approved by the Anhui Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024, with the approval number Wanshenmai 2024L002. In the regional trials of the Wanhuai Wheat Variety Test Consortium in Anhui Province, the full growth period of this variety was recorded as 222.3 d, and the plant height was measured as 84.3 cm. The average yield was 9 331.5 kg/hm², which represented a 6.34% increase compared to the control variety Jimai 22. The grain bulk density was 824.5 g/L, the wet gluten content was 35.35%, and the crude protein content was 14.22%. The key points of its high yield cultivation techniques included: pre-sowing preparation (seed treatment, deep plowing, land preparation, and scientific fertilization), sowing at the appropriate time (October 10-25), rational dense planting (2.25-2.70 million plants/hm²), and uniform shallow sowing (3-5 cm). Field management focused on split fertilization, timely chemical weeding (before winter and before jointing), and comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests such as sheath blight and Fusarium head blight (seed treatment, release of natural enemies, rotation of pesticide application, etc.). The wheat was harvested at the appropriate time (from mid to late wax ripening), and the grains were stored when the moisture content was below 13%. This study provides a reference for further promotion and cultivation of this variety.

To clarify the application of 48% controlled release fertilizer in mid-season rice production, the rice variety Pingliangyouyazhan was used as the material. 5 fertilizer treatments were established in Chongyi County, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province (T1, nitrogen free zone, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus+potassium chloride; T2, phosphorus free zone, urea+potassium chloride; T3, potassium free zone, urea+calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus; T4, nitrogen phosphorus potassium zone, 48% controlled release fertilizer; T5, blank area). The effects of these treatments on rice growth period, main agronomic traits, yield, and fertilizer use efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the total growth period of rice under different treatments ranged from 129 to 133 days. The application of controlled-release fertilizer was found to accelerate seedling recovery and prolong the tillering and heading stages. In terms of main agronomic traits, plant height varied from 101.9 to 121.2 cm, and the seed setting rate ranged from 66.90% to 74.22%. The use of controlled release fertilizer increased the effective panicle number and seed-setting rate of mid-season rice. Both grain yield and straw yield were the highest in the T4 treatment, reaching 560.28 and 509.81 kg/667 m², respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiencies were 37.33%, 26.17%, and 52.56%, respectively, with potassium use efficiency being the highest. In conclusion, 48% controlled release fertilizer was beneficial for increasing mid-season rice yield. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of controlled release fertilizer in agricultural production.

Combined with the intercropping practice of Isatis tinctoria and Sesamum indicum in Fuyang, Anhui Province, the planting performance and high yield cultivation techniques were summarized and analyzed. In this intercropping model, the S. indicum at full bloom stage was able to provide shade for I. tinctoria, reducing heat scorch damage. After harvest, significant marginal row advantages were observed in I. tinctoria, and the number of capsules per S. indicum plant was increased, leading to improved yield. The high yield cultivation techniques included the selection of stress-resistant, high yield, and high quality varieties (such as Fuzhi 125 S. indicum and Fulan No.1 I. tinctoria); fields with good drainage were chosen and sufficient base fertilizer was applied; I. tinctoria was sown from late March to early April, while S. indicum was sown in early May. Timely seedling fixation was carried out, and nitrogen fertilizer was top-dressed during the mid to late growth stages of I. tinctoria. During the growth period, drainage and waterlogging prevention were emphasized. For pest and disease control, agricultural measures were prioritized, supplemented by chemical control. Agents such as carbendazim and fludioxonil were used to control diseases like leaf blotch in I. tinctoria and fusarium wilt in S. indicum. S. indicum was harvested in mid to late August and dried on racks, while the roots of I. tinctoria were harvested in autumn or early winter. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of the intercropping cultivation model of I. tinctoria and S. indicum.

Based on production practice, the planting techniques of small potted peonies from aspects such as rootstock selection, variety selection, and grafting propagation were summarized, and the maintenance techniques from aspects such as nutrient management, pest and disease control, and shaping and pruning were also summarized. The planting techniques mainly include selecting 2 to 3-year-old seedlings that are vigorous and have well-developed root systems, with a length of 10 to 15 cm and a diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 cm, as well as rootstocks with a root tip diameter of over 1 cm and a length of 15 to 20 cm. Select potted peony varieties with strong growth vigor, adaptability, robustness and no diseases or pests. Remove weeds in time and apply fertilizers reasonably; choose containers with good air permeability and light weight. Grafting should be carried out when the temperature is between 21 and 25 ℃. The grafting interface is easy to heal. The scions should be grafted immediately after collection, using the modified tongue grafting method or the mortise and tenon tongue grafting method onto the special peony roots. The outside should be tightly tied with hemp ropes, and the interface should be sealed with wax. Select substrates with good structure and aeration, as well as strong water absorption and retention capabilities. Maintenance techniques include the rational application of organic and chemical fertilizers. Spray 1 000 times diluted 70% wettable powder of carbendazim and 800 to 1 000 times diluted 20% triadimefon to control gray mold and powdery mildew. After flowering, carry out shaping and pruning. Keep 6 to 10 or 3 to 6 main branches in each pot. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of planting and maintaining techniques for small potted peonies.

To explore the feasibility of pond-based feed cultivation of all-female Siniperca chuatsi, a farming practice was conducted from June 2024 to April 2025 in an aquaculture pond in Tongling, Anhui Province, and its breeding technology and benefits were analyzed. In production, it is advisable to select standardized ponds with convenient transportation, sufficient water sources, good water quality, and easy drainage and irrigation; strictly clean and disinfect the ponds to provide a favorable environment for fingerlings; select fully domesticated, completely feed-adapted, uniform-sized, physically robust, and disease-free all female Siniperca chuatsi fry for stocking; adjust feed protein content and feeding amount according to growth stages, and use flowing water to stimulate their feeding habits; maintain fresh and stable water quality, regularly monitor indicators such as dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen, and frequently operate aerators; adhere to the principle of “prevention first,” conduct regular microscopic examinations, and alternately use methods such as hanging bags and sprinkling for disease prevention and control; adopt net pulling for harvesting, selecting clear and sunny weather for operation. Practice has shown that through thorough pond cleaning, strict stocking of high quality all female fry, refined feeding management, water quality regulation, and comprehensive disease prevention and control techniques, high yield and high efficiency Siniperca chuatsi farming was successfully achieved, harvesting 15 000 g of mandarin fish with a breeding benefit of RMB194 800 yuan. In conclusion, this practice demonstrates the feasibility of all female Siniperca chuatsi feed cultivation. This technical model can achieve high economic returns, and future efforts can further enhance breeding benefits by strengthening disease monitoring and prevention, technical research and innovation, promotion and demonstration, and training.

Canine distemper is a non zoonotic disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV). This study focuses on dogs suspected of suffering from canine distemper, and diagnoses them through clinical examination, blood biochemical indicators, blood routine indicators,and antigen detection; adopt methods such as combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine (Sangju Yinqiao powder decoction + Doxycycline powder, etc.) and treating based on syndrome differentiation to treat it. The results showed that the diseased dogs had poor mental state, frequent sneezing, thick nasal discharge, and bleeding. The concentrations of albumin, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and globulin in the diseased dog were higher than the reference values. The total number of white blood cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils were significantly increased. The antigen test was positive. All the evidence indicates that the dog is suffering from canine distemper.After treatment, the dog’s condition improved, and its appetite, mental state, blood biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators all returned to normal. This article provides reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

The current status of forest resources and the necessity of forest management in the Tianping Mountain Scenic Area of Suzhou City were analyzed. On this basis, combined with the natural topography and landforms, forest resource structure and ecological location characteristics of the study area, the study area was zoned and planned from the perspective of forest classification management. Ecological principles and sustainable management concepts were applied to design management measures and propose planning strategies. The results showed that the forest coverage rate in the study area was relatively high, with large areas of public welfare forests, tree forests and artificial forests. However, there were problems in the existing forest resources such as single stand structure, unbalanced age group ratio and insufficient landscape effect. Strengthen the tending and management of existing forest resources, enrich the diversity of regional forest vegetation, and address the predicament of forest management. The research area is divided into seven management zones, including the northern coniferous tree soil and water conservation forest management zone, the central characteristic forestry development composite management zone, and the central stone forest characteristic landscape greening management zone. Based on the characteristics of each management area, it is proposed to implement tending and thinning for the existing pure Masson pine forests, replanting broad-leaved tree species under the trees, conducting light transmission felling for dense young forests, implementing growth felling for middle-aged forests, and adjusting the growth space of trees, in order to optimize the forest resource structure in the study area, improve forest quality, and achieve sustainable forest development. This article provides a reference for sustainable forest management with similar natural resources.

Forest seedling cultivation, as an important component of forest resources, provided strong technical support for forestry production. The current status of forest seedling cultivation was summarized, and the application of modern seedling technologies in forestry production was analyzed, while the aspects need to be improved in its practical promotion and application were indicated with corresponding countermeasures proposed. Traditional sowing and cutting techniques were predominantly used in current forest seedling cultivation, where quality instability and low efficiency were observed. It was suggested that scientific investment should be strengthened, and new technologies such as grafting and tissue culture should be promoted to advance the standardization and efficiency of the forestry seedling industry. Regarding modern seedling technologies, soilless cultivation was found to precisely regulate water and fertilizer usage, improving survival rates; container seedling cultivation facilitated management and enhanced transplanting survival rates; and biotechnology was shown to improve stress resistance, with tissue culture enabling rapid propagation of high quality seedlings. However, these new technologies faced challenges in technical adaptability, professional training, and financial support during promotion. Based on these findings, countermeasures were proposed, including strengthening technical research and adaptability studies, establishing demonstration zones, intensifying training efforts, improving technical service systems, expanding investment channels, and setting up special funds with increased subsidy standards. This study provides references for further promoting the development and application of modern forest seedling technologies.

To establish a rapid propagation system for the tissue culture of Annona × atemoya, in this experiment, the young and segmented stem segments of the plant were used as explants to determine the induction rate and differentiation rate of callus, the proliferation multiple of adventitious buds and the rooting rate of media with different hormone ratios. The results showed that the optimal callus induction medium for tissue culture of Annona × atemoya was MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+2, 4-D 2 mg/L+sucrose 30 g/L+agar 6 g/L, with an induction rate of 62.50%. The optimal differentiation medium was MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+sucrose 30 g/L+agar 6 g/L, with a differentiation rate of 65.00%. The optimal proliferation medium is MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+sucrose 30 g/L+agar 6 g/L, with a proliferation coefficient of 4.2. The optimal rooting medium is 1/2 MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L+sucrose 20 g/L+agar 6 g/L, with a rooting rate of 83.75%. The survival rate of tissue culture seedlings after transplantation is over 90%. In conclusion, this study established a key technical system for tissue culture propagation of Annona × atemoya, providing a reference for the factory and standardized production of sugar apple seedlings.

To study the design strategies for planting street trees, the research methods of street particulate matter diffusion, the regulatory mechanism of street tree parameters on street particulate matter diffusion were analyzed, and on this basis, the impact of street tree planting methods on street particulate matter diffusion was systematically sorted out. The research methods for particulate matter diffusion mainly include three approaches: field measurement, wind tunnel tests, and numerical simulation. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. Numerical simulation is currently the main research method. The regulatory mechanisms mainly include 2 pathways: aerodynamics and blade absorption. The influencing factors mainly include the types of street trees, tree height, tree crown shape and density, and planting methods, etc. The dust retention capacity of different types of street trees varies. The height and shape of the tree canopy can affect the ventilation capacity of the street, and thereby influence the diffusion capacity of particulate matter. The effect of planting methods with different plant spacings on particulate matter concentration shows nonlinear characteristics. In the future, in-depth research can be conducted on it from the aspects of multi-parameter coupling, multi-functional trade-offs and AI. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of cities and the construction of human settlements.

The application principles of the concept of nature education in the design of children’s parks were analyzed, taking the children’s park in Urumqi as the research object, and the strategies for creating its nature education space were explored. The design principles of children’s parks based on the concept of nature education mainly include creating a natural exploration environment suitable for arid climates and strengthening terrain design and plant configuration. Highlight the content of ecological education and build a systematic environmental interpretation system; design multi-level interactive natural experience facilities to meet the development needs of children of different age groups; emphasize the organic integration of regional culture and nature education, highlighting regional characteristics. The landscape design of the research area adopts a natural curve form, dividing it into the entrance comprehensive leisure area, the dynamic science popularization park area, the five-sense experience area, the waterfront science popularization experience area, the dense forest adventure area and the agricultural activity experience area. In terms of plant configuration, evergreen plants are taken as the base, and deciduous trees and flowering shrubs are appropriately added to enrich the seasonal changes. The design of ecosystem science popularization facilities should take into account the inheritance of regional culture, ecological friendliness and children’s adaptability, and transform local traditional patterns, folk tales and other cultural symbols into interactive features of science popularization facilities. Combine the spatial layout design of the children’s park to create a variety of interpretation media. This article provides a reference for promoting the innovative development of children’s park design.

As one of the common garden pests, termites hinder the absorption and transmission of water and nutrients by plants, which in turn leads to weak growth of plants and seriously affects the overall health and sustainable development of garden greening. The biological characteristics, damage features of termites in landscaping and their impacts on the economy and ecology were systematically analyzed. At the same time, an integrated management strategy that combines physical control, biological control and chemical control was proposed. Termites have slender bodies with flat abdomens. Their mouthparts are suitable for chewing and they are well-suited to feeding on plant-based foods such as wood. It is composed of various roles such as worker ants, soldiers and reproductive ants. The types, ages and health conditions of garden plants all affect the extent of termite infestation, and the internal structure of wood that had been eroded by termites was hollowed out and damaged, and its compressive strength dropped significantly. Termites have had certain negative impacts on both the economy and the ecology. Termite erosion not only accelerates the decay and damage of wood but also disrupts the natural balance of the garden ecosystem. Adopting a comprehensive management strategy that combines physical control, biological control and chemical control is conducive to reducing the damage caused by termites. In terms of physical control, termites can be controlled through methods such as temperature regulation, sound wave pest control, light attraction, and obstacle protection. In terms of biological control, termites are controlled by the introduction of natural enemies and the application of biological agents. In terms of chemical control, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids and imidacloprid are used to control termites. This article provides a reference for the systematic management of termites and the improvement of the quality of landscaping.

The land use data and socio-economic data were utilized of Heilongjiang Province, and based on the ArcGIS spatial analysis method, the carbon emission Gini coefficient, carbon emission risk, carbon emission intensity, economic contribution coefficient and ecological carrying coefficient were calculated of its investigated regions. These were used as zoning indicators to conduct carbon balance zoning of the study area and propose targeted carbon emission reduction strategies for each type of region. The results showed that the carbon compensation rate of the study area from 1980 to 2023 was generally low and decreased year by year. From 2000 to 2023, the carbon emission Gini coefficient of the investigated regions all exceeded 0.6. From 2000 to 2023, the carbon emission risk values of the investigated regions generally showed an increasing trend year by year, and the spatial differences became increasingly obvious. From 1980 to 2023, the carbon emission intensity of the study area showed a decreasing trend year by year; from 2000 to 2023, the carbon emission intensity of each city decreased to varying degrees. From 2000 to 2023, the economic contribution coefficient was in a relatively fluctuating state, and the ecological carrying coefficient was generally low. Based on the relevant analysis results, the carbon balance of the study area was divided into low-carbon optimization areas, carbon total control areas and carbon sink function areas. The low-carbon optimization area includes area A, where the carbon emission risk is at a medium to high level, the carbon emission intensity is low, the economic contribution coefficient is at a relatively high level, and the ecological carrying coefficient is at a relatively low level. The carbon total control areas include areas B, F, M, D, I, E, J and C. In these areas, the carbon emission risk is basically at a medium to high level, the carbon emission intensity is high, the economic contribution coefficient is at a relatively low level, and the ecological carrying coefficient is at a medium to low level. The carbon sink function areas include areas N, L, G and K. In these areas, the carbon emission risk is at a medium to low level; the carbon emission intensity is low, the economic contribution coefficient is at a relatively high level; and the ecological carrying coefficient is high. Implementing differentiated carbon emission reduction strategies based on the actual situation of each city provides a reference for the low-carbon development of land use in the study area.

To screen safe and effective herbicides for direct-seeded rice fields, 4 agents including 40% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor WP were tested, with a blank control as the reference. The treatments included: treatment 1 (40% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor WP + 25% cyhalofop-butyl EW), treatment 2 (40% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor WP + 15% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium OD), treatment 3 (33% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor OD + 25% cyhalofop-butyl EW), treatment 4 (33% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor OD + 15% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium OD), treatment 5 (25% cyhalofop-butyl EW), and treatment 6 (15% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium OD). The safety to rice and weed control efficacy in the field were evaluated. The results showed that all tested herbicides were relatively safe for rice growth when applied at appropriate doses and methods. The dominant weeds in the direct-seeded rice fields were Leptochloa chinensis and Echinochloa crus-galli, with fewer Cyperaceae and Broadleaf weeds. The plant control efficacy at 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment across all treatments ranked from highest to lowest as: treatment 1 > treatment 3 > treatment 2 > treatment 4 > treatment 5 > treatment 6. similarly, the fresh weight control efficacy at 21 days followed the same descending order: treatment 1 > treatment 3 > treatment 2 > treatment 4 > treatment 5 > treatment 6. Treatments 1–4 achieved over 97% control efficacy (by plant number) for total weeds at 7 and 14 days after treatment, and over 96% control efficacy (by plant number and fresh weight) at 21 days after treatment (36 days after rice sowing). In conclusion, applying bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor for soil sealing, supplemented with cyhalofop-butyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium for post-emergence treatment, effectively controls weeds in direct-seeded rice fields and is suitable for widespread adoption in production.

To explore suitable herbicides for machine-transplanted rice fields, the rice varieties Tailiangyou 1332 (test site 1) and Weiliangyou 8612 (test site 2) were used as test subjects. 12 herbicides, including 6% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor · oxadiazon, were selected, with a blank treatment as the control. The following treatments were applied: treatment 1 (6% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor · oxadiazon at 7.5 kg/hm² + 6% quinclorac · pretilachlor · pyrazosulfuron-ethyl at 9 kg/hm²);treatment 2 [35% oxadiargyl · butachlor at 1.5 L/hm² + (19% triafamone at 0.5 L/hm² + 10% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl at 0.3 kg/hm²)];treatment 3 (60% pendimethalin · butachlor at 3 kg/hm² + 60% bensulfuron-methyl at 75 g/hm²) + 2% bensulfuron-methyl · acetochlor at 4.5 kg/hm²);treatment 4 (37% oxadiargyl · butachlor · oxaziclomefone at 1.35 kg/hm² + 40% pretilachlor · oxadiargyl · clomazone at 1.05 kg/hm²);treatment 5 (85% butachlor at 2.25 kg/hm² + 25% bensulfuron-methyl · butachlor at 1.5 kg/hm²).The safety of different treatments on rice growth was observed, and weed species were investigated to calculate weed density and control efficacy. The results showed that all herbicide treatments were relatively safe for rice growth at normal application rates. The weeds in the paddy field belonged to 10 families and 13 species, with Poaceae, broadleaf weeds, and Cyperaceae accounting for 23.08%, 61.54%, and 15.38%, respectively. Treatments 1, 2, 3, and 5 exhibited high overall weed control efficacy and fresh weight control efficacy, with overall weed control efficacy exceeding 88% and fresh weight control efficacy exceeding 97%. Treatment 3 demonstrated excellent control efficacy against Poaceae weeds, broadleaf weeds, and Cyperaceae weeds, all exceeding 84%. In summary, treatments 1, 2, 3, and 5 are all suitable for weed control in machine-transplanted rice fields.

To enhance the efficiency and quality of available phosphorus detection in alkaline soil, this study referenced the method specified in NY/T 1121.7-2014 “Soil Testing—Part 7: Method for Determination of Available Phosphorus in Soil” (using 25 mL colorimetric vessels and manual degassing), while also employing 50 mL colorimetric vessels and an ultrasonic degassing method to determine the available phosphorus content in alkaline soils (sample No.ASA-9, ASA-15, ASA-17). The precision of the method was evaluated using relative standard deviation (RSD), and the influence of different extraction temperatures (24, 25, 26 °C) on the determination results was analyzed.The results showed that the standard curves of the established method all achieved R² values of 0.999 9, indicating excellent linearity. The measured available phosphorus contents of ASA-9, ASA-15, and ASA-17 sample soils were in the ranges of 23.8-24.1, 53.5-53.9, and 8.3-8.6 mg/kg, respectively, all falling within the standard reference ranged. The RSD values ranged from 1.99% to 3.39%. Temperature was found to have a certain influence on the determination results: when the ambient temperature was relatively low, the extraction solution can be maintained at 25-26 °C before adding it to the extraction flask; when the ambient temperature was relatively high, the extraction solution can be maintained at 24-25 °C. In conclusion, the method used in this experiment demonstrated high accuracy and excellent precision for the determination of available phosphorus sample in alkaline soil, making it suitable for large scale analysis.

The occurrence conditions of wheat Fusarium head blight were analyzed in Fengyang, Anhui Province, based on local climatic conditions, and integrated management strategies for the disease were proposed.The study area has an average annual temperature of approximately 14.8 ℃ and an average annual rainfall of 912 mm, with relative humidity ranging between 75% and 80%. The climate is mild with distinct seasonal variations. The soils are predominantly cinnamon, paddy, and sandy loams, characterized by deep layers, good structure, and abundant organic matter, all providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of wheat Fusarium head blight. Furthermore, crop rotation patterns such as maize-wheat and rice-wheat provide suitable overwintering conditions for the pathogen, leading to the annual accumulation of inoculum and increasing the risk of disease outbreaks. In response to the above conditions, the following control measures should be taken: to reduce the accumulation of pathogen sources, the rotation of crops should be adjusted and the treatment of crop residues optimized; to address factors such as temperature, humidity and soil, agricultural measures such as selecting resistant varieties and optimizing water and fertilizer management to reduce field humidity; employing biochemical controls using plant growth regulators and immune inducers; and applying chemical controls, using high efficacy agents like prothioconazole while alternating modes of action to delay resistance development. Post-harvest, rapid drying or sunning of grains to safe moisture levels and enhanced storage management are essential to prevent mold and toxin accumulation, ensuring food safety. Future efforts should focus on leveraging technologies such as gene cloning, functional molecular markers, and remote sensing monitoring to strengthen the breeding of resistant varieties and improve disease surveillance. These advances will enhance the control of wheat scab and promote the sustainable development of the related industry.

To explore the distribution characteristics of spontaneous plants in different road green spaces in heterogeneous habitats, this study took 12 road green spaces in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, including Honggu Middle Avenue in Honggutan District and Xinjian District of the area as the research area, and the species composition and diversity characteristics of spontaneous plants under different habitat types were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that (1) a total of 211 species of spontaneous plants were recorded in the three types of roads (main roads, secondary roads, and branch roads), belonging to 161 genera of 55 families. Among them, the secondary roads contained the largest number of species. The proportion of spontaneous plants was relatively high, accounting for 70.14% of the total number of spontaneous plants. A total of 7 spontaneous plants life forms were recorded, among which the number of annual and biennial herbaceous plants was the largest, reaching 113 species. (2) The road green spaces in the study area were classified into eight habitat types, mainly including green belt-trees, shrubs and grasses, green belt-trees and grasses, tree pool-trees, etc. The diversity of spontaneous plants in different habitat types varied significantly. The diversity in the green belt-tree grass habitat and abandoned land was relatively high, while the diversity in the tree pool-ree grass habitat was significantly lower than that in other habitats. In conclusion, the spontaneous plants species in the road green space of the study area were rich, and there are significant differences in the richness, diversity and uniformity indices of different habitat types. In the design and management of road green spaces, human interference should be reduced and the habitat structure optimized to maintain the diversity of spontaneous plants and the ecological functions of the city.

To understand the species composition of moths in the Heilongjiang Langxiang National Nature Reserve, a survey was conducted using light-trapping methods from April to October 2024 across different habitats (coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest, and shrubland). Moths were collected and identified, and Simpson’s dominance index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou’s evenness index, and Jaccard similarity index were calculated to analyze the diversity and similarity of moth communities in these habitats.The results showed that a total of 2 870 moth individuals were collected from the four habitats, belonging to 74 species, 71 genera and 15 families, with Noctuidae being the dominant family. The shrubland habitat had the highest Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indices, with values of 0.869 8 and 3.002 2, respectively. The broadleaf forest exhibited the highest Pielou’s evenness index, reaching 0.894 9. The highest similarity index (0.692 3) was observed between the coniferous forest and the mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest.These findings indicate that the structure of moth communities is closely related to vegetation type and ecological conditions. Surveys of moth diversity can help develop targeted conservation strategies and provide a reference for assessing the quality and dynamics of the local ecological environment.

To understand the composition of insect species in the sanzhan forest farm of Shengshan Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, a background survey of insects was conducted in the area, the species composition and dominant species were analyzed, and a similarity analysis of insect communities across different habitats was performed. The results showed that a total of 1 873 insect samples were collected, belonging to 11 orders, 86 families and 173 species. Among them, Lepidoptera had the largest number, with 22 families, 69 species and 702 individuals, accounting for 25.58% of all families and 39.88% of all species. In the order Coleoptera, there were 19 families, 30 species and 566 individuals, with the proportions of the number of families and species being 22.09% and 17.34% respectively. Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were the dominant insect orders in the study area. Holotrichia parallela, Opatrum subaratum, Furcula furcula, Pieris rapae, Inachis io and others were the dominant insect species. The similarity indices of each habitat from high to low were meadow-marsh (0.461) > marsh-farmland (0.412) > tree-meadow (0.355) > meadow-farmland (0.339) > tree-marsh (0.313) > tree-farmland (0.274), among which the similarity index of meadow-marsh habitat is relatively high. This article provides a reference for the protection of beneficial insects, pest control, and the rational development and utilization of insect resources in relevant regions.

The study used conventional observation data, numerical forecast products, and other materials to conduct a diagnostic analysis of the causes of a severe convective weather process, characterized by hail, thunderstorm gales, and short-term heavy rainfall, that occurred in Tieling, Liaoning, from the evening of September 8 to the night of September 9, 2021. The analysis was carried out from aspects including circulation background, physical quantity characteristics, and radar echo analysis. The results indicated that this severe convective weather process was influenced by a combination of factors, including the Northeast Cold Vortex, upper-level jet streams, mid-to-lower-level shear lines, and an unstable atmospheric structure characterized by dry and cold upper layers and warm and moist lower layers. The surface convergence line served as the key mechanism triggering the release of unstable energy during this severe convective weather event. Additionally, factors such as significant convective available potential energy, moderate vertical wind shear, and an appropriate 0°C layer height contributed to the widespread occurrence of hailstorms. The large hailfall areas from this event showed a good correspondence with the regions of high vertical accumulated liquid water content estimated by the SWAN model, providing some predictive significance for the occurrence of hailstorms, including large hailstones. Additionally, the warning signals for this event were issued using a refined release strategy, providing technical references for targeted preventive measures.

The characteristics of warm winters over the past 67 years in the study area were analyzed based on meteorological observation data from the Fengyang National Basic Meteorological Station in Anhui, China, from 1957 to 2023, including winter average temperature (T), average maximum temperature (MTh), and average minimum temperature (MTe). Methods such as correlation coefficient analysis, Mann-Kendall test, and linear trend estimation were employed. The results indicate that the winter average temperatures for strong warm, warm, normal, and cold winter types in the study area were 4.3–4.7 °C, 3.2–4.2 °C, 2.4–3.1 °C, and 0.4–2.3 °C, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that sunshine duration (S) was negatively correlated with MTe and precipitation (R), with correlation coefficients of -0.471 and -0.647, respectively, while most other climatic elements showed positive correlations. The Mann-Kendall trend and abrupt change tests demonstrated that from 1957 to 2023, winter T, MTh, MTe, and R in the study area exhibited significant increasing trends, whereas S showed a significant decreasing trend. Except for Th, abrupt changes were detected in all other climatic elements. Linear trend estimation indicated that the climatic tendency rates for winter T, R, and S were 0.166 °C/10 a, 8.106 mm/10 a, and -16.939 h/10 a, respectively. The findings provide a meteorological reference for agricultural production.

The current application of agricultural mechanization in the link of grain saving and loss reduction in Sixian County, Anhui Province was examined, existing problems were identified, and relevant countermeasures were proposed. The research area was characterized by a high level of agricultural mechanization, with the overall mechanization rate for major crops exceeding 98%. However, issues such as excessive seeding and high mechanical harvest loss rates were observed. The main factors influencing the achievement of grain saving and loss reduction goals in agricultural mechanization included difficulties in some technology promotion, irregular operations by machinery operators, outdated performance of some machinery, insufficient integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic practices, lack of specialized equipment, limited development of service organizations, and poor adaptability of demonstration projects to small-scale farmers. To promote agricultural mechanization, save grain and reduce losses, it was suggested that training and promotion on the application of agricultural machinery be strengthened to enhance farmers’ awareness and operational skills; advanced and suitable specialized machinery for compound planting be promoted with increased subsidies; agricultural machinery service organizations be supported to provide comprehensive operational services and reinforce their leading role; and the rational distribution of integrated demonstration bases for agricultural machinery and agronomic practices be optimized, along with promoting the construction of mechanized deep loosening and drying centers, so as to enhance demonstration guidance and improve the level of overall mechanization. This study provides a reference for leveraging agricultural machinery to promote grain saving and loss reduction efforts.

To explore approaches for improving irrigation efficiency and conserving water resources through intelligent technologies, thereby promoting the modernization of farmland water conservancy, the definition of this system was introduced, and its application practice of intelligent management system in agricultural water conservancy from the aspects of irrigation system, data detection, etc was analyzed. This system was a new type of management system based on modern information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing. The system was integrated with the irrigation system to automatically adjust the irrigation amount, achieving precise irrigation and efficient management. Through real-time data monitoring and analysis, farmland irrigation demands were predicted, and scientific and rational irrigation plans were formulated to reduce water waste. Intelligent control improved the operational efficiency and reliability of the irrigation system. The construction of smart irrigation districts enabled efficient allocation and intelligent regulation of water resources, enhancing the modernization level of farmland water conservancy. This study provides a reference for the development of intelligent management system in agricultural water conservancy irrigation smart agriculture.

To cultivate highly skilled talents who can meet the needs of agricultural modernization development, this paper sorts out the connotation and forms of new-format teaching materials, including loose-leaf teaching materials, work manual-style teaching materials, and integrated media teaching materials. Their core characteristics such as rapid update of knowledge and skills, diverse learning content, and shared teaching resources were analyzed. Combined with the characteristics of agriculture-related majors in vocational education, the development strategies of these new-format teaching materials were explored. New-format teaching materials boast advantages like strong situational relevance, high digitalization level, and good adaptability to the integration of industry and education. Their effective development requires relying on the dual cooperation between schools and enterprises to form a diversified team, scientifically formulating curriculum standards and integrating ideological and political elements, optimizing the structure and content of teaching materials to strengthen the combination of theory and practice, promoting the construction of digital resources and the establishment of feedback mechanisms, and introducing information-based teaching methods such as VR/AR to enhance interactivity.The systematic development of new-format teaching materials for agriculture-related majors can improve the quality and practicality of teaching materials, help cultivate highly skilled talents that meet the needs of modern agricultural development, and provide support for accelerating the process of agricultural modernization.

To cultivate application-oriented agricultural and forestry talents who are adaptable to the development of the new agricultural sciences, the introduction of a general education course titled Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Techniques and Food Processing in agricultural universities was proposed. By clarifying the course’s objectives and curriculum content, a comprehensive teaching resource system encompassing textbooks, digital resources, and a case study database will be established; a multidisciplinary teaching team composed of faculty members from horticulture and food science disciplines is formed. The course employs heuristic and interactive teaching methods, integrates production cases and practical operations, and leverages online platforms for teaching interactions. Results showed that after one semester of pilot implementation, the course attracted 160 enrolled students. Student satisfaction rates for course ideological and political education implementation, teaching methods, and theory-practice integration all reached 100%, with an average course evaluation score of 98.03, achieving excellent teaching outcomes. Based on this, the general education course of Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Techniques and Food Processing can effectively popularize knowledge about fruit and vegetable preservation and processing, enhance students’ health awareness, broaden their scientific horizons, and provide diversified talent for the development of new agricultural sciences. This article provides a reference for related universities to offer similar courses.

To cultivate interdisciplinary agricultural talents in the new era, the current status of curriculum construction for college students’ career planning in undergraduate institutions of agricultural sciences was analyzed, and measures for the reform of this curriculum were proposed. Some institutions have shortcomings in aspects such as the construction of modular curriculum content, the dynamic update of curriculum content, the integration of career education, and the cultivation of “dual-qualified” teachers. Based on this, this paper proposes a series of reform measures, including: constructing modularized course content and strengthening agricultural-specific assessment dimensions for self-awareness and environmental analysis modules; establishing a course system to create a professional education-career awareness-industrial practice model, integrating professional courses into career modules, and implementing the “three teachers in the classroom” approach; innovating teaching methods that combine virtual and real-world elements, such as virtual simulations and on-site agricultural practice; and building a faculty team. Practice has shown that students’ career goal orientation and employment/entrepreneurship quality have improved, with a 91.67% placement rate and a 41.05% graduatde enrollment rate for the 2024 graduating class of the Agricultural College, and 43.75% of the 15 entrepreneurial students are involved in agriculture-related fields. Through these reforms, students’ initiative and goal orientation have been enhanced, and their enthusiasm for serving modern agriculture has been stimulated. This paper provides a reference for similar curriculum reforms in agricultural universities.

To cultivate interdisciplinary talents who meet the demands of the new era, this paper, based on the teaching practice of the rural regional development major, adopts a research approach that combines current situation analysis and countermeasure study to explore the optimization paths for the curriculum system and teaching content of this major. The analysis reveals that the major currently faces several issues, including an incomplete curriculum system, teaching content that fails to keep pace with the times, insufficient practical teaching, a single teaching method, and an incomplete curriculum evaluation system. Based on these findings, this paper proposes optimization paths such as optimizing the curriculum system, updating teaching content, constructing a multi-level practical teaching system, adopting diversified teaching methods, and improving the curriculum evaluation system. Through systematic reforms, the high-quality development of the rural regional development major has been promoted, and interdisciplinary talents with a profound affection for “agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” have been cultivated. This paper provides a reference for the optimization and reform of related professional curricula.

The necessity of producing ratoon rice in Huizhou District, Huangshan City, Anhui Province was summarized. Based on the current status of ratoon rice production in the study area, aspects that required further improvement were identified, and corresponding countermeasures were proposed. The promotion of ratoon rice production was considered beneficial for increasing total yield, raising farmers’ income, improving rice quality, and effectively reducing agricultural losses caused by flood disasters. Although the planting area of ratoon rice in the study area had increased year by year, aspects such as the scale of cultivation, mechanization level, industrial system, and policy support still need enhancement. To promote the sustainable development of this industry, a series of countermeasures were proposed: training and publicity were strengthened to improve farmers’ understanding of ratoon rice cultivation techniques; full-process mechanized production was advanced by introducing machinery suitable for ratoon rice harvesting to enhance the yield of the ratoon season; characteristic brands were developed to boost the market competitiveness and added value of ratoon rice products through brand building and the integration of agriculture and tourism; support for the ratoon rice industry was intensified by establishing special subsidies, giving full play to the role of agricultural industrialization consortia, and adopting order-based production models to improve production efficiency. This paper provided a reference for promoting the development of the ratoon rice industry in relevant regions and advancing the process of agricultural modernization.

To explore the development path of the highland vegetable industry in Zhenghe County, Fujian Province, the current development status of the highland vegetable industry was analyzed from the aspects of natural conditions, industrial foundation and regional advantages in the study area, and specific countermeasures for the links that need to be improved in the development of the highland vegetable industry were proposed. The natural conditions in the study area are excellent, with a cool weather, which is suitable for the production of cool-season vegetables and off-season vegetables. The vegetable industry has a solid foundation and has formed a relatively mature system in terms of the application of planting techniques and standardized production management. The convenient and fast transportation has built a convenient channel for the export of characteristic agricultural products such as highland vegetables. The planting standards of highland vegetables in this area need to be improved, the planting scale needs to be expanded, the risk resistance capacity needs to be strengthened, and the market sales channels need to be broadened. Based on this, it is proposed to optimize ecological cultivation techniques, introduce the experience of efficient agricultural cultivation models, and promote the construction of the quality supervision system of agricultural products. Promote the production mode of company + base + cooperative + farmers, actively introduce and cultivate leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization, and develop advantageous products with strong market competitiveness. Establish agricultural insurance and risk protection mechanisms to enhance the capacity to resist natural disaster risks; Strengthen brand awareness and carry out measures such as online live-streaming sales. This article provides a reference for the high quality development of highland vegetable industry in related areas.