The breeding process, varietal characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of potato variety Mengwushu No.2 were summarized. This variety was developed as a potato cultivar through sexual hybridization, using Jizhangshu No.8 as the female parent and Xisen No.6 as the male parent, followed by selection and identification. It was registered as a non-staple crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024, with the registration number GPD potato (2024) 150114. In terms of varietal characteristics, Mengwushu No.2 was a late-maturing variety with a growth period of approximately 110 days; and the average yield in regional experiment was 42 186.08 kg/hm². The tubers were oval-shaped with yellow skin and deep yellow flesh, medium-depth eyes, and slightly rough skin. The dry matter content was 18.2%, starch content 10.6%, and reducing sugar content 0.27%. It exhibited moderate resistance to Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY). Key cultivation techniques included selecting sandy loam fields with good isolation conditions, and standardizing seed cutting and disinfection. Timely sowing and rational dense planting were recommended. For field management, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied during land preparation, with supplemental phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients during the mid-to-late growth stages. Timely intertillage and earthing-up help control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Soil moisture should be maintained during the tuber bulking stage, and key pests and diseases, such as late blight, should be monitored and controlled. Vine killing should be performed 10-15 days before harvest, and tubers should be harvested at the appropriate time after skin suberization. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

To clarify the effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction under the combined application of potassium fulvate on wheat yield and the absorption and utilization of nitrogen nutrients, a field experiment was conducted in Penglai area, Yantai City, Shandong Province from October 2023 to June 2024, using Lumai 21, a local main cultivated wheat variety, as the test material. 6 treatments were set up: no fertilization (CK), local conventional fertilization (T1), local conventional fertilization combined with potassium fulvate (T2), 10% reduction in local conventional nitrogen combined with potassium fulvate (T3), 20% reduction in local conventional nitrogen combined with potassium fulvate (T4), and 30% reduction in local conventional nitrogen combined with potassium fulvate (T5). The dry matter accumulation, nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency, wheat yield, and its yield components of wheat in all treatment groups were determined at the harvest stage. The results showed that the addition of potassium fulvate could promote wheat plant height formation, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen absorption and utilization, and yield formation, with T4 treatment achieving the optimal effect. Compared with T1, the dry matter accumulation, plant height, spike number, grain number per spike, 1 000-grain weight, yield, and nitrogen uptake of wheat in T4 increased by 2.14%, 0.99%, 3.97%, 0.80%, 0.44%, 6.14%, and 17.24%, respectively. Considering comprehensively factors such as wheat yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization, and agricultural sustainable development, 20% reduction in local conventional nitrogen combined with potassium fulvate (T4) is recommended for wheat production in the study area. This research provides a reference for high yield and high quality wheat cultivation.

In this study, straw substrate blocks were used as seedling raising materials to comparatively analyze the effects of 3 seedling raising methods, namely, self-propelled seedling tray seeders without hard disks (treatments A), self-propelled seedling tray seeders with hard disks (treatments B), and rice seedling raising assembly line sowing, tray stacking and darkening followed by tray placement (treatments C), on rice seedling success rate, uniformity of emergence, seedling quality, transplanting quality and seedling raising cost. The results showed that in terms of seedling growth rate and uniformity of emergence, the seedling growth rates of the 3 treatments were all relatively high, ranging from 84.8% to 85.3%. The coefficient of variation of seedling height in treatment A and treatment B increased by 3.88 and 3.19 percentage points respectively compared with treatment C. In terms of seedling quality, treatment C had better leaf age, plant height, stem base width and the weight of dry matter per 100 plants on the ground than other treatments, while treatment A had the highest number of roots and binding force. There was no significant difference in root strength among the three treatments. In terms of transplanting quality, the missed hole rate of treatment C was lower than that of treatment A, and the stability of the number of plants per hole in treatments B and C was higher. In terms of seedling raising costs, treatment A had the lowest cost (3.97 yuan per tray), which was 15.0% lower than treatment B (4.67 yuan per tray) and 16.9% lower than treatment C (4.78 yuan per tray), respectively. In conclusion, the darkening treatment of stacked trays can improve the quality of rice seedlings and the quality of transplanting, however, its cost of raising seedlings is also the highest. Although the cost of transplanting seedlings without hard disks is low and the binding force is strong, the flatness of the edges of the seedling blocks needs to be optimized to improve the transplanting quality.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

Based on the geographical location and climatic characteristics of Tianmen City, Hubei Province, the efficient and high quality cultivation model of watermelon and cauliflower intercropping with wheat was explored and summarized. Through rational crop sequencing, the model achieved orderly coordination of the three crops: wheat was sown from late October to early November and harvested in early to mid-May of the following year; watermelon was grafted and nursery-raised from late March to early April, transplanted in late April, and harvested from late June; cauliflower was nursery-raised in mid-July, transplanted in early to mid-August, and harvested in mid-to-late October. The key cultivation techniques for watermelon and cauliflower were emphasized. For watermelon cultivation, high quality disease resistant varieties (Lyushang, Meidu) were selected, and grafting using pumpkin rootstocks was adopted. Before transplanting, sufficient base fertilizer was applied, and ridging and film mulching were implemented. Vine management during wheat harvesting was coordinated to avoid damage. Two-vine pruning was applied, and vines were timely pressed. Irrigation and topdressing were carried out according to growth stages. For pest and disease control, agricultural methods (selecting resistant varieties, rational crop rotation), physical methods (hanging insect traps), and biological methods (spraying Bacillus thuringiensis) were prioritized, supplemented scientifically with low-toxicity chemical agents (25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was conducted at the appropriate time, and field sanitation was maintained. For cauliflower cultivation, an efficient technology system centered on the “five modernizations” (intensive seedling raising, mechanized operations, integrated water-fertilizer management, green pest control, and post-harvest commercial handling) was adopted. Suitable disease-resistant varieties (Taisong 65 day) were selected, and intensive seedling raising in plug trays was implemented. Mechanized operations were applied for land preparation, ridging, and fertilization. Integrated water-fertilizer management was implemented during the growth period, and leaf folding for shading during the curd stage ensured quality. Green pest control principles were followed, combining agricultural, physical, and biological methods, supplemented with efficient and low-toxicity chemical agents (80% ethylicin, 25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was performed when curds were compact, and straw was returned to the field. This model effectively improved the multiple cropping index and resource utilization efficiency, beneficial for the green and high quality development of agriculture.

This article adopted methods such as questionnaire surveys and on-site visits to analyze the changing trends of apple planting and production in Mentougou District, Beijing from 2013 to 2022, the current situation of production management in plantations, as well as the aspects that need improvement in the development of the apple industry, and countermeasures and suggestions were put forward. The results showed that the apple planting area in the study area had shown a slight increasing trend in 2013-2022. Based on the planting and management characteristics of apple orchards, the orchards were classified into 4 types through cluster analysis. Among them, type Ⅰ had a relatively high economic return, with its single orchard area, single yield, and single output value all exceeding those of other types. The apple industry in this area needs improvement in aspects such as industrial development planning, departmental responsibilities, production entities, production management techniques, and industrial promotion. Based on this, it is proposed to summarize the key technical parameters such as variety selection, density control, and field management for high yield orchards, form replicable high quality production technology regulations, strengthen the cultivation and management of medium and low yield orchards, implement variety renewal and replacement, optimize planting density and tree structure, introduce common technologies such as seedling raising and fertilization, share mechanical equipment and technical personnel, and cultivate joint production entities Actively promote and apply modern fruit tree production management technologies such as mechanized farming, integrated water and fertilizer management, and green pest and disease control, and create characteristic fruit brands and other countermeasures and suggestions, to provide references for the high-quality development of the apple industry.

To clarify the impact of microbial agent application on the yield, quality, and economic benefits of Chinese cabbage, the Chinese cabbage variety Huangyangbai was used as the test material. A combination of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans was used as microbial agents, and 5 treatments were established: conventional fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization + microbial agent (T1), conventional fertilization with a 10% reduction + microbial agent (T2), conventional fertilization with a 20% reduction + microbial agent (T3), and conventional fertilization with a 30% reduction + microbial agent (T4). Among them, microbial agents and 40% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers at once, and 60% nitrogen fertilizer was applied in 2 subsequent applications. The characteristics of changes in yield and quality of various treatments of Chinese cabbage were analyzed, and the economic benefits were calculated based on the experimental input in the current year. The results showed that the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage treated with microbial agents were significantly improved. Among them, the yield, vitamin C content, soluble protein content, cellulose content, soluble sugar content, and net income under T3 treatment were the highest, at 2.42×10⁵ kg/hm², 517.69 μg/g, 9.25 mg/g, 101.38 mg/g, 99.52 mg/g, and 112 577.00 yuan/hm², respectively. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of microbial agents in Chinese cabbage production.

This study collected multi-year meteorological data (including temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind speed, and humidity) and growth data of Zanthoxylum armatum in Hongya County, Meishan City, Sichuan Province. Combined with the biological characteristics and growth and development requirements of Zanthoxylum armatum, it analyzed the impact of the local climate on its growth and development. The results showed that the suitable temperature for Zanthoxylum armatum growth ranged from 15 to 20 ℃. In the study area, the average temperatures during the germination period, flowering period, fruit expansion period, and dormancy period were 15.6-20.5, 17.0-19.0, 24.5-26.8, and 6.8-9.2 ℃, respectively. The suitable annual precipitation for Zanthoxylum armatum growth was 900-1 300 mm, and the average precipitation during the germination period, fruit expansion period was 286.5, 653.2 mm, respectively. The overall temperature and precipitation conditions were suitable for Zanthoxylum armatum growth, but extreme high temperatures low temperatures, rainstorms, and droughts occasionally occurred in some areas, seriously affecting plant growth and fruit development. Zanthoxylum armatum required 8-10 hours of sunlight per day, and the annual average sunshine hours in the study area were 1 027.5 hours, which basically meets its light demand for growth. Sufficient sunlight could promote flower bud differentiation and improve fruit quality of Zanthoxylum armatum. The multi-year average wind speed in the study area was low (1.1 m/s), and the average relative humidity was 78%. Gentle wind was conducted to air circulation in the Zanthoxylum armatum orchard, reducing the occurrence of diseases and pests; suitable humidity was beneficial to pollen transmission and germination, improving pollination success rate. In conclusion, the climatic conditions in the study area were generally favorable for Zanthoxylum armatum growth, but scientific and precise cultivation management measures are needed to ensure its normal growth in the face of special weather conditions such as high temperature and drought.

To clarify the effects of foliar spraying of different amino acid fertilizers on the quality of tomatoes and the activity of soil enzymes in the rhizosphere in continuous cultivation of tomatoes in facilities, the tomato variety ‘Yashu 12’ was taken as the experimental material. With foliar spraying of clear water as the control (CK), 5 treatments were set up for foliar spraying of water-soluble fertilizers containing compound amino acids (treatment AAF), lysine (treatment KF), valine (treatment VF), and threonine (treatment TF). The chlorophyll content of tomato leaves, fruit quality, leaf and root antioxidant enzyme activities, root vitality and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities under different treatments were determined. Through correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the correlations between tomato quality, root vitality and the enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil, as well as the antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves and roots, were explored. The results showed that the chlorophyll content in tomato leaves treated with AAF, the titratable acid content in fruits, the POD activity and the root activity were increased by 222.70%, 62.18%, 774.65% and 843.01% respectively compared with CK. The soluble protein content of KF treatment was 32.00% higher than that of CK. The sucrase activity of VF treatment was 12.4 mg/g higher than that of CK, but it had an inhibitory effect on the activity of nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes. The vitamin C content treated with TF was 40.49% higher than that of CK, and the nitrate content was 24.59% lower than that of CK. Correlation analysis indicated that the content of soluble protein was positively correlated with CAT activity in leaves, root activity was positively correlated with CAT activity in roots, and titratable acid was negatively correlated with MDA content in roots. Overall, foliar spraying of compound amino acids (treatment AAF) has the best combined effect. It can significantly increase the chlorophyll content in tomato leaves, improve fruit quality, enhance antioxidant capacity and promote root vitality. It is an ideal choice that takes into account photosynthetic performance, fruit quality and stress resistance. This article provides a reference for high quality and efficient cultivation of tomatoes.

To explore the suitable types and concentrations of auxins for the rooting of Echeveria agavoides leaf cuttings, E. agavoides was used as the experimental material, a two-factor experiment was conducted using the soil culture method. Factor A was the type of auxin, with 3 levels set: A1 (indole-acetic acid, IAA), A2 (indole-butyric acid, IBA), and A3 (naphthalene-acetic acid, NAA). Factor B was the auxin concentration. 4 levels, B1 (50 mg/L), B2 (100 mg/L), B3 (150 mg/L), and B4 (200 mg/L), were set. Clear water was used as the control (CK), which are A1, A2, and A3 respectively, and corresponding clear water controls (CK1, CK2, and CK3) were set. There were a total of 15 treatments. The results showed that IAA, IBA, and NAA all promoted the rooting of E. agavoides leaf cuttings: in the IAA treatment group (50-200 mg/L), the average number of roots ranged from 3.8 to 18.0, the average root length from 10.78 to 16.33 mm, the maximum root length from 22 to 29 mm, the rooting rate from 40% to 80%, and the root system effect index from 8.193 to 58.788, among which the treatment A1B2 achieved the highest average number of roots, average root length, and root system effect index; in the IBA treatment group (50-200 mg/L), the average number of roots ranged from 1.2 to 11.4, the average root length from 5.25 to 13.77 mm, the maximum root length from 12 to 41 mm, the rooting rate from 20% to 100%, and the root system effect index from 1.260 to 31.396, with the treatment A2B4 showing the highest values in all indicators including average number of roots, average root length, maximum root length, rooting rate, and root system effect index; in the NAA treatment group (50-200 mg/L), the average number of roots ranged from 6.4 to 24.0, the average root length from 3.49 to 15.25 mm, the maximum root length from 7 to 27 mm, the rooting rate from 80% to 100%, and the root system effect index from 4.467 to 73.200, among which the treatment A3B1 exhibited the highest average number of roots, average root length, the maximum roots length, and root system effect index. The average root length and average root number of E. agavoides leaf cuttings reached the peak under treatments A1B2 and A3B1, while attaining the maximum under treatment A2B4. In conclusion, 50 mg/L NAA (treatment A3B1) and 100 mg/L IAA (treatment A1B2) exhibited good promotive effects on the rooting of leaf cuttings of E. agavoides. Considering production cost and practical application comprehensively, the 50 mg/L NAA treatment showed the optimal rooting effect on E. agavoides leaf cuttings and could be promoted for practical production.

To investigate the effects of temperature on the growth and feeding of Esox reicherti, this study was conducted with 36 individuals of Esox reicherti as experimental subjects, which were randomly assigned to 4 temperature treatments (9 fish per treatment) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ℃, respectively. After 5 weeks, the experimental fish were sampled, and indicators including daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR), growth efficiency (GE), food conversion ratio (FCR), and feeding rate (FR) of each group were determined and calculated. Additionally, quadratic regression equations were fitted between temperature and the growth/feeding indicators. The results of growth indicators showed that within the temperature range of 5-20 ℃, the DWG, SGR, and GE of Esox reicherti first increased and then decreased with increasing temperature. Regression analysis revealed that the maximum SGR of Esox reicherti was achieved at 15.38 ℃, and the maximum GE was reached at 11.06 ℃. The results of feeding indicators indicated that within 5-20 ℃, the FCR and FR of Esox reicherti first decreased and then increased with rising temperature. Regression analysis showed that the FCR of Esox reicherti was the minimum value at 10 ℃.In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, the optimal growth temperature for Esox reicherti is approximately 15 ℃, and this temperature range is conducive to the rapid digestion and absorption of food by this fish species.

To investigate the effects of fermented Astragalus membranaceus on lactation performance, energy metabolism, and rumen fermentation performance in dairy cows, 80 Holstein cows were randomly divided into 4 groups. They were fed a basal diet supplemented with different levels of fermented Astragalus membranaceus: control group (0), test group A (10 g/head), test group B (20 g/head), and test group C (30 g/head). After 30 days of the experiment, indices including lactation performance (such as average daily feed intake and milk fat percentage), energy metabolism levels (such as succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), and volatile fatty acid contents were determined. The results showed that in terms of lactation performance, compared with the control group, the average daily feed intake, average daily milk yield, and milk fat percentage of cows in all test groups significantly increased (P<0.05), while the somatic cell count significantly decreased (P<0.05); the feed conversion ratio of cows in test groups B and C significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the milk protein percentage significantly increased (P<0.05). In terms of energy metabolism levels, compared with the control group, the activities of malate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in serum of cows in all test groups significantly increased (P<0.05); the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in test groups B and C significantly increased (P<0.05), while the activity of lactate dehydrogenase significantly decreased (P<0.05). In terms of rumen fermentation performance, compared with the control group, the contents of acetic acid, butyric acid, and the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio in the rumen of cows in all test groups significantly increased (P<0.05), while the ammonia nitrogen content significantly decreased (P<0.05); the total volatile fatty acid content in the rumen of cows in test groups B and C significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding fermented Astragalus membranaceus to the diet can improve the lactation performance, energy metabolism level, and rumen fermentation performance of dairy cows.

The methodological advancements and application progress of genome-wide rare variant epistasis analysis in livestock and poultry were reviewed. Rare variant epistasis detection methods included linear models, Bayesian approaches, and machine learning, with testing strategies such as Burden tests and sequence kernel association tests. Linear/mixed models were rigorous and intuitive but cannot handle massive interaction combinations, while Bayesian and machine learning models could explore complex nonlinear interactions yet suffer from high computational costs and poor result interpretability. Each method had its strengths and weaknesses, requiring flexible combination based on research objectives. Common tools for rare variant epistasis analysis included PLINK and GCTA, with frequently used databases such as NCBI dbSNP and Ensembl. These methods have achieved certain research outcomes in rare variant and epistasis analysis of species like cattle, pigs, and chickens. In cattle populations, large-scale interaction analyses have identified numerous significant epistatic signals for traits such as milk composition (DGAT1), as well as higher-order interactions underlying recessive defects (MC1R) and lethal alleles (HH deficiency). In pig populations, extremely rare but highly impactful alleles (CDHR2, OBSL1) and interaction genes related to growth and energy metabolism (ABL1, KITLG, GNA12) have been discovered. Due to limited sample sizes in chicken populations, only genes associated with breed-specific low-frequency mutations and traits have been partially identified. Currently, rare variant epistasis analysis in livestock and poultry faced challenges including the need for improved sample size and data quality, high computational complexity, and difficulties in model overfitting and result interpretation. Future efforts can enhance the detection efficiency of rare variant epistasis by expanding whole-genome data scales, integrating biological functional annotation information, introducing artificial intelligence technologies, and strengthening cross-institutional collaboration. This will fully unlock its application potential in livestock breeding practices and provide references for precise genetic improvement.

Semiaphis heraclei is one of the major pests infesting Lonicera macranthoides. To investigate the overwintering status of its nymphs, fixed-point observations were conducted at 8 planting bases of L. macranthoides ‘Yulei No.1’ in Xiushan County, Chongqing, across 3 winter periods from November 2021 to March 2024. A combination of general visual inspection and leaf-turning spot checks was used to observe the nymphal and adult morphologies, population densities, overwintering sites, and nymphal activity. Additionally, the monthly minimum temperatures during the period were recorded to analyze the overwintering stage. The results showed that S. heraclei nymphs survived through the winter at bases 1-5. In the late February of 2022, the nymph density was recorded as 3 individuals per leaf in base 1 and 1 individual per leaf in base 2, respectively. In the late February of 2023, the nymph density in base 3, base 4 and base 5 reached 4 individuals per leaf, 2 individuals per leaf and 2 individuals per leaf, respectively. At bases 6-8, the overwintering proportions of nymphs on the abaxial surface, adaxial surface, branches, and tender shoots of L. macranthoides were 87.4%-89.3%, 1.5%-2.7%, 1.4%-1.6%, and 7.2%-8.4%, respectively. When the winter temperature dropped below 0 °C, nymphs overwintered in a dormant or quiescent state; within a certain temperature range, nymphal activity increased with rising temperatures. The average minimum temperature in November was above 0 °C at all 8 bases, while the minimum temperature from December to February of the following year was below 0 °C. Collectively, the findings indicate that S. heraclei on L. macranthoides overwinters as nymphs, with the abaxial leaf surface as the primary overwintering site, and the overwintering period lasts from December to February of the next year. This study provides a reference for the prediction and green control of S. heraclei.

The research on the effects of salt stress on the growth, physiology, and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants was reviewed. In terms of growth, medicinal plants exhibit varying responses to salt stress during germination and growth stages. Low-concentration salt stress may promote seed germination in Salvia miltiorrhiza (if the salt concentration is 20 mmol/L) or enhance seedling growth in Periploca sepium (if the salt concentration is 0.2%-0.5%), while high-concentration stress often inhibits biomass accumulation and induces morphological changes such as alterations in root-to-shoot ratio. At the physiological level, salt stress induces membrane lipid peroxidation in medicinal plants, leading to increased malondialdehyde content and relative electrical conductivity, resulting in cellular membrane damage. To scavenge reactive oxygen species, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and peroxidase initially increase but subsequently decline. Regarding secondary metabolism, moderate salt stress can enhance the accumulation of pharmacologically active compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides, in various medicinal plants (e.g., Pogostemon cablin, Rumex japonicus, and Taraxacum mongolicum), thereby improving the quality of medicinal materials. In summary, low salt stress may promote the growth of some salt-tolerant medicinal plants, but stress beyond their tolerance range causes cellular damage. Appropriately applied salt stress can stimulate the production of higher levels of active compounds in certain medicinal plants. This review provides insights for selecting suitable soil conditions for medicinal plant cultivation.

To quantify the spatial layout of the Qingdao Folklore Museum and further analyze the behavioral patterns of visitors, this study took the ESA theory as the theoretical framework and employed the perspective analysis and axis analysis methods of spatial syntax theory to quantitatively analyze the environmental ecology (E) layout and spatial form (S) characteristics of the Qingdao Folklore Museum, and deduced the corresponding potential behavioral activity (A) patterns. The coupling mechanism among E, S and A was expounded. The results showed that the “opera stage - mountain gate” area had a relatively high degree of visual integration and axial integration, serving as a dual core area for visual and transportation connections, undertaking functions such as gathering and distribution, performance viewing, and social interaction. Areas with low integration, such as the side rooms, Ducaifu and Longwangdian, had higher privacy and undertake relatively quiet silent admiration and office functions, forming a spatial progressive sequence with “mountain gate-main hall” as the axis. The results of this study provide a reference for the protection and adaptive reuse of traditional temple architectural heritage, and verify the effectiveness of the quantitative analysis framework constructed by combining ESA theory with spatial syntax in the study of historical space.

To reveal the occurrence characteristics of nutrients and heavy metals in the surface sediments of shallow lakes, a typical shallow lake in Southern Jiangsu Province was taken as the study object. Surface sediment samples were collected, and the contents of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) were determined. Their occurrence characteristics and pollution status were analyzed. The results showed that the average content of TP and TN in the surface sediment of the lake was 511.04 and 1 932.93 mg/kg, respectively, indicating moderate pollution overall. There were differences in the spatial distribution of TP and TN, with TP exhibiting spatial heterogeneity and TN having a more uniform spatial distribution. 45.74% of the sampling points had low potential ecological risks for heavy metals in surface sediments;there were enrichment phenomena of Pb, Cd, As, Ni, and Cu in the surface sediments of sampling points, among which Cd enrichment factor and potential ecological risk contribution rate（78%） were the highest, which was the main factor of concern. Spatially, the heavy metal contents generally showed a distribution trend of higher values in the northwest and lower values in the southeast. The assessment using the potential ecological risk index indicated that the lake area was at a moderate ecological risk level, with the risk distribution consistent with the spatial characteristics of Cd content. This study provides a reference for the eutrophication control and water quality improvement of shallow lakes.

To explore the suitable control methods for Cinara cedri on Cedrus deodara in park green spaces of Tai’an City, Shandong Province, this study compared the efficacy and cost of two control methods: foliar spraying and root drenching. A total of 9 treatments were set up for the foliar spraying method: treatment 1 and 2 were 1 500-fold diluted solution of 25% thiamethoxam water-dispersible granules (WDG) (without/with 200-fold diluted mineral oil, respectively); treatment 3 and 4 were 2 000-fold diluted solution of 22.4% spirotetramat suspension concentrate (SC) (without/with 200-fold diluted mineral oil, respectively); treatment 5 and 6 were 2 500-fold diluted solution of 70% acetamiprid WDG (without/with 200-fold diluted mineral oil, respectively); treatment 7 and 8 were 2 500-fold diluted solution of 70% imidacloprid WDG (without/with 200-fold diluted mineral oil, respectively); in addition, a clear water control (CK1) was set. For the root drenching method, 3 treatments were established: treatment A was 25% thiamethoxam water-dispersible granules, treatment B was 20% dinotefuran suspension concentrate, and a clear water control (CK2) was also set. The population reduction rate and control effect of different insecticides and control methods on Cinara cedri were compared. The results showed that in the spraying method, both the population reduction rates and control efficacies of treatments 2, 4, 6, and 8 were higher than those of their corresponding treatments 1, 3, 5, and 7 without the addition of mineral oil adjuvant; comparison of treatment 3 and treatment 4 showed that treatment 4 exhibited a high population reduction rate (95.3%) and control effect (95.4%) 1 day after application; treatments 1, 5, and 7 showed good control effects 1 and 7 days after application, but gradually decreased 21 days after application, while the control effect of treatment 3 increased and reached 90.3% 21 days after application. In the root drenching method, 21 days after application, the population reduction rates of treatments A and B were 78.03% and 88.33%, respectively, with control effects reaching 88.52% and 93.89%； 1 and 7 days after application, the control effect of treatment A was better than that of treatment B, but 10 and 21 days after application, the control effect of treatment B was superior to that of treatment A. Cost comparison results showed that the total cost of the spraying method (625 yuan) was lower than that of the root drenching method (1 067 yuan). Comprehensive analysis indicated that the spray application method had a limited duration of efficacy but exhibited relatively rapid insecticidal efficacy. Adding a mineral oil adjuvant during application could enhance control efficacy, with the 22.4% spirotetramat SC in combination with mineral oil adjuvant achieving the optimal control effect; the root drenching method had a higher cost but caused less environmental pollution and exerted a long-lasting insecticidal effect. It was suitable for focused pest control during periods of severe pest infestation, and the 20% dinotefuran SC was recommended for use.

To fully grasp the current status of forest and grassland germplasm resources in Feidong County, Anhui Province, this study conducted a survey and statistics on the types, quantities and distribution of wild trees, collected and preserved, cultivated and utilized forest and grassland germplasm resources in the study area through the spline survey method and in combination with literature. The results showed that a total of 426 species of forest and grassland germplasm resources belonging to 277 genera and 111 families were recorded in the study area, including 249 species of forest trees belonging to 144 genera and 66 families and 177 species of herbaceous plants belonging to 138 genera and 62 families. Among them, there were 264 kinds of forest and grassland germplasm resources, 215 kinds of cultivated and utilized forest and grassland germplasm resources, 35 kinds of forest and grassland germplasm resources collected and preserved, 241 ancient and famous tree germplasm resources, 14 kinds of rare and protected forest and grassland germplasm resources (3 kinds of first-class national wild protected plants, 6 kinds of second-class national wild protected plants, and 5 kinds of provincial wild protected plants), 3 excellent forest stands and 3 excellent individual plants. Based on the survey data, a series of resource protection and management strategies have been proposed, including implementing technical measures such as tree hole restoration and root system rejuvenation, conducting germplasm collection and establishing ex-situ protection circle, setting up sci-cutting gardens, seedling seed garden or applying tissue culture and other technical means for systematic preservation, and constructing a dynamic monitoring and information management technology platform for forest and grassland germplasm resources. This study provides a reference for improving the germplasm resource protection system in the study area and establishing a long-term preservation and utilization mechanism for forest and grassland germplasm resources.

To protect and rationally use wild medicinal plant resources in Lushan Nature Reserve, two methods (plot survey and line transect survey) were adopted in this study for a preliminary survey of roadside wild medicinal plant resources at seven sites in the study area: Jiandaoxia Gorge, Shimenjian Stream, Tiefosi Temple, Xiufeng Peak, Hanyang Peak, Maweishui Stream, and Haihuisi Temple, with specimen identification via literature review and expert consultation. The results showed that the common roadside wild medicinal plant resources in the study area cover 79 families, 133 genera, and 142 species. Among them, angiosperms account for the majority (68 families, 120 genera, 128 species); asteraceae has the highest representation with 11 species, accounting for 7.75% of the total species. Herbaceous plants dominate the life forms, and the main medicinal parts are roots and rhizomes, as well as whole plants. A total of 42 key medicinal plant species are listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (ChP). In view of the richness of wild medicinal plant resources in the study area, it is suggested to strengthen resource investigation and protection efforts, deepen scientific research, strengthen industrial support, and enhance popular science publicity and education, so as to promote the sustainable development of the Chinese herbal medicine industry. This paper provides a reference for the investigation of medicinal plant resources in related areas.

To investigate the diversity of macrofungal resources and evaluate their economic value in Xianfeng County, Hubei Province, a combination of random survey, morphological and molecular biological methods was used to identify macrofungi, and the dominant families and genera, conservation status, and floristic geographical elements were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 52 macrofungal species were identified, belonging to 2 phyla, 28 families, and 44 genera, including 13 new records of macrofungi in Hubei Province; there were 4 dominant families (with ≥3 species), namely Agaricaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Omphalotacae, and Polyporaceae, among which the family with the highest number of species was Polyporaceae; 2 dominant genera (with ≥3 species), namely Gymnopus and Ganoderma; there were 9 edible fungi, 10 medicinal fungi, 5 edible-medicinal fungi, 2 Chinese endemic species, and 1 near-threatened species (Ganoderma applanatum); the floristic geographical composition of genera was dominated by cosmopolitan genera, accounting for 81.82%. This study provided a reference for the conservation of fungal diversity and the sustainable utilization of resources in relevant areas.

To develop a rapid quality evaluation and analysis method for tobacco flavorings and fragrances, this study took a total of 568 batches of 59 varieties of tobacco flavorings and fragrances products as the research objects. The samples were scanned with a near-infrared spectrometer and their near-infrared spectral data were obtained. The analysis method combining portable Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometer with chemometrics was used to rapidly predict the values of five physical and chemical indicators, namely relative density, refractive index, ethanol, 1, 2-propylene glycol and glycerol. Meanwhile, the parameters for spectral data acquisition were optimized, the spectral quality was evaluated and the best spectral preprocessing algorithm was selected. The results showed that in this paper, 48 scans were selected and spectral data were collected with a resolution of 16 cm^-1. The performance among S-G 1^st models was similar and the effect was better. Through S-G 1^st processing, the influence of drift behavior on the model could be effectively reduced. It was determined that S-G 1^st (5-point method) was the spectral preprocessing method for later multivariate correction.The Q2cv and Q2pre of the relative density and refractive index models established by applying PLS1 were close to 1.00. The Q2cv of the ethanol and glycerol models were both above 0.97, and the Q2cv and Q2pre of the 1, 2-propylene glycol model were above 0.98, indicating a good correlation between the measured values and the predicted values. The fitting effect was good. The research results confirmed the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy to accurately predict the quality control indicators of complex tobacco flavor and fragrance systems. This article provides a reference for the rapid and accurate analysis of the quality of flavors and fragrances in cigarette industrial enterprises.

To cultivate versatile talents, this paper analyzed the current teaching situation of the Crop Cultivation course and proposed a series of teaching reform strategies based on virtual simulation technology. Combined with the actual teaching practice of the course, the key areas that required optimization at that time included: the need for further adaptation of content allocation after the adjustment of class hours, the need for improvement in the time matching between the crop growth period and the teaching cycle, the need for strengthening the coverage and depth of practical teaching, and the need for the assessment system to highlight the orientation of practical operation. To address the above issues, virtual simulation technology was deeply integrated with course teaching, and a hybrid teaching model of “classroom explanation + virtual simulation + knowledge test + production practice” was constructed, with systematic optimization conducted from 3 aspects: teaching methods, teaching characteristics, and teaching evaluation system. By using technologies such as Unity 3D, this model reproduced the cultivation scenarios of the entire crop growth period, broke through the limitations of time, space, and seasons, strengthened students’ intuitive understanding of abstract knowledge and practical operation training, and realized the mutual complementation and promotion between virtual training and on-site practice. Practice showed that after the reform, the achievement degree of course objectives had been significantly improved, students’ mastery of professional knowledge and practical innovation ability had been effectively strengthened, and the construction of an interdisciplinary teaching team had also been promoted. Relevant virtual simulation projects had been approved as Jiangxi Provincial virtual simulation projects and launched on the national virtual simulation experimental teaching course sharing platform, covering 21 universities across the country and realizing the open sharing of high-quality resources. In the future, it will be necessary to further focus on the professional characteristics of teaching content and the improvement of teachers’ interdisciplinary literacy, and continuously optimize the teaching model. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

Horticultural Plant Pest and Disease Control is a core compulsory course for Horticulture majors, and it plays an important supporting role in cultivating talents required for the high quality development of the horticultural industry. At present, the teaching of the disease-related part of this course faces problems such as relatively single teaching forms, the need to strengthen practical teaching links, and the requirement to further expand the dimensions of assessment and evaluation. This paper has implemented a series of teaching reforms: by focusing on core knowledge points and building diversified learning channels based on online platforms, the cultivation of students’ self-directed learning ability is strengthened; integrating ideological and political elements into the curriculum, enriching classroom teaching forms with field image materials and scientific research laboratory resources to stimulate students’ learning interest; making up for the shortcomings of practical teaching through multiple approaches such as virtual simulation systems, on-campus and off-campus practical bases, and industry experts entering the campus, while improving teachers’ practical teaching capabilities; optimizing the assessment and evaluation system, appropriately increasing the proportion of process assessment, enriching assessment forms, and introducing reward and punishment mechanisms to comprehensively evaluate students’ comprehensive abilities. These reform measures have established a closed-loop teaching system from the dimensions of knowledge imparting, value guidance, and evaluation incentives. They not only address the key teaching challenges in the disease-related section of the course in a targeted manner but also form a practical path for teaching reform. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

To address issues such as insufficient equipment and limited practical training sites that exist in some aspects of facility agriculture talent cultivation, this paper explores the application value of virtual simulation technology in this talent cultivation based on the situated cognition theory. By building an immersive virtual working environment covering two types of scenarios: greenhouse operations and electrical debugging, designing job group rotation (students play the roles of operators, technicians, etc., and swap them in class) and anchored project tasks including modules such as agricultural sensors and PLCS, a full-process teaching system of “pre-class guidance - in-class situational training - post-class expansion” is formed. Meanwhile, expression strategies including tactile imagery visualization and thinking process schematization were adopted, and a phased assessment method combining process-oriented and result-oriented evaluation was integrated to simultaneously cultivate students’ professional skills (explicit professional literacy) and such qualities as teamwork and professional awareness (implicit professional literacy). Practice showed that this teaching model has effectively improved students’ operational proficiency and collaborative ability. Students have achieved remarkable results in competitions, with the professional internship matching rate exceeding 80% and enterprise satisfaction reaching 98%; at the same time, it has promoted the improvement of teachers’ information-based teaching capabilities. This article provides a reference for the virtual simulation online practical training teaching of similar courses.

Based on the perspective of digital rural construction, this study explored the influence mechanism of the digital economy on rural industrial revitalization. It selected panel data from 6 prefecture-level cities in Guizhou Province from 2012 to 2022 and constructed a benchmark model and a mediating effect model for the digital economy to empower rural industrial revitalization in Guizhou. The study found that the digital economy had a significant positive promoting effect on rural industrial revitalization in Guizhou. The digital economy realized direct empowerment through the digitalization of the agricultural industry and the industrialization of agricultural digitalization. Technological application played an intermediary role in empowering rural industrial revitalization, forming a transmission mechanism of “digital economy - technological application - industrial revitalization”. Further analysis showed that local government fiscal expenditure and human capital level had positive effects on rural industrial revitalization. Therefore, to promote rural industrial revitalization, it was necessary to deepen the integration of the digital economy with rural industries and use cutting-edge digital technologies to enhance industrial competitiveness; strengthen technological innovation and establish a collaborative innovation mechanism; increase financial support and optimize capital investment and subsidy policies; improve the level of human capital and cultivate digital talents. This study provided a reference for agricultural development in relevant regions.

Based on data from the China Statistical Yearbook (2019-2024), this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis of 16 major beef cattle production regions using three indicators including cattle inventory, beef output, and beef commercialization rate. The results indicate that regions with higher cattle inventories are predominantly located in southwestern China. In terms of output, leading regions are distributed across northern pastoral areas and a few regions with superior agricultural conditions. Regarding commercialization rate, higher rates are observed in parts of eastern coastal and northern China. Cluster analysis categorized the regions into seven distinct types: type 1 exhibits relatively low overall development; type 2 has the lowest output and commercialization rate; type 3 shows uneven cattle inventory but relatively high output and commercialization rate; type 4 has a high cattle inventory but a low beef commercialization rate; type 5 demonstrates a high output level; type 6 is notable for its high output and commercialization rate; type 7 has a low cattle inventory but high beef commercialization rates. Collectively, these findings reveal a differentiated development pattern among the 16 major beef cattle production regions. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the beef cattle industry.

This study took Longjing Village in Huaxi District of Guiyang City (A) , Mandong Village in Kaili City (B), Huanshan Village in Hezhang County (C) , Shuipu Village in Libo County (D), and Jiasuo Village in Liping County (E) as the research objects. Based on the 4 types of core cultural resources of the 5 villages-intangible cultural heritage, characteristic cuisine, red culture, and traditional handicrafts-it systematically analyzed their current development practices in aspects such as industrial integration, brand building, inheritance and protection. The study found that although the cultural industry development of the 5 villages had achieved certain results, it was necessary to focus on several key aspects, including the adaptability between talent supply and industrial demand, villagers’ subjective awareness and participation enthusiasm, the construction of cultural infrastructure and transportation supporting facilities, as well as the refinement of brand building and its market adaptability. For this reason, this paper proposed targeted countermeasures from the following aspects: constructing a talent system of “university-local collaboration + training base + policy incentives”, promoting the integration of traditional crafts into classrooms and their combination with modern production, strengthening cognitive incentives to enhance villagers’ subjective awareness, increasing investment in rural cultural infrastructure to facilitate cultural inheritance and industrial development, and deepening the excavation of brand connotation and innovative promotion to advance the brand building of rural cultural industries. The research results could provide a reference for improving the quality and efficiency of the characteristic pastoral rural cultural industry in the study area.

To explore the service promotion model of agricultural scientific research institutes participating in science and technology backyards and improve the efficiency of scientific and technological services, this study took the participation of scientific research institutes in the construction of science and technology backyards as an entry point and conducted a systematic study on the construction practice of Sanming orchid science and technology backyards. The results showed that relying on the five foundations of scientific and technological innovation, talents, research and development platform, scientific and technological services, and institute-enterprise cooperation of scientific research institutes, the scientific and technological backyards had formed a characteristic practical model featuring technology-empowered whole-industry-chain services, application-oriented R&D guided by scientific and technological innovation, and compound talent cultivation through talent incubation. It had promoted a total of 500 000 seedlings of new and high quality orchid varieties, increased an additional economic output value of over 10 million yuan, and achieved remarkable results. Meanwhile, the construction of the scientific and technological courtyard was temporarily faced with problems such as insufficient fund support, loose connection among industry, education and research, limited ability to expand the industrial chain, and imperfect interest connection mechanism. Accordingly, this study put forward countermeasures and suggestions including expanding fund-raising channels, strengthening the collaborative cooperation among industry, education and research, improving the ability to expand the industrial chain, and optimizing the interest connection mechanism. This study could provide references for agricultural scientific research institutes to promote the construction of science and technology backyards, deepen the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and enhance agricultural scientific and technological services.

This study analyzed the development status of the Illicium verum industry in Funing County, Yunnan Province, pointed out the aspects that needed to be improved, and put forward corresponding countermeasures. As a core major producing area, Funing County had formed a large-scale industrial pattern by virtue of its long planting history and brand advantages such as the geographical indication of “Funing Illicium verum”. In 2023, the planting area of Illicium verum in the county reached 47 200 hm² (accounting for 11.3% of the national total), with an output of 152 000 tons of fresh fruits and an annual output value of 1.824 billion yuan, driving an increase in income for 280 000 people. The contents of core components such as volatile oil, anethole and shikimic acid in its dried fruits were superior to those in similar producing areas, and it had obtained many certifications including “Hometown of Chinese Illicium verum” and “Hometown of Yunnan Medicinal Materials”. However, At that time, the following aspects of the industry required focused attention: mixed varieties led to low-efficiency forests accounting for 49%; processing mainly relied on traditional decentralized modes with insufficient allocation of modern equipment; the area of organic planting bases was only 80 hm² (accounting for 0.17%), resulting in short industrial chains and low added value; brand promotion lacked systematic planning, leading to insufficient market recognition. Based on these findings, countermeasures were proposed, including improved fine variety breeding and refined forest land management, standardized construction of green planting bases, extension of the intensive processing industrial chain, and innovation in brand cultivation and marketing models. The development paths proposed in this study could provide support for the high quality development of the Illicium verum industry in Funing County and also offer reference for the development of similar characteristic agricultural product industries.

This study took the 2019–2023 crop yield data of Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province as the research object, combined with parameters such as the straw-to-grain ratio and collection coefficient, constructed estimation models for the collectible amount of straw as well as the value of straw for fertilizer and fuel purposes, systematically calculated the cost-benefit of different utilization methods (fertilizer, fuel, feed, substrate, and raw material), and proposed optimization measures based on the regional utilization status. The results showed that the collectible amount of straw in the study area showed a steady growth trend, reaching 1.224 5 million tons in 2023; the potential economic value of straw utilization for biogas production was the highest (1.647 billion yuan), if all the biogas was utilized, the theoretical calculation showed that the average income of cultivated land will increase by 13 218 yuan per hectare. The comprehensive utilization rate of straw was 95.2%, and the utilization structure was dominated by fertilizer use (accounting for 77.22%). Cost-benefit analysis indicated that the net benefit of straw utilization as feed was the highest (117.5 yuan per ton), while the utilization of straw for power generation, biogas production, and papermaking was greatly affected by factors such as technology and market conditions. The study area had great potential for straw resource utilization, but there were problems such as unbalanced utilization structure and low industrialization level of off-field straw utilization in some areas. It was suggested to promote the diversified comprehensive off-field utilization of straw and contribute to agricultural sustainable development by improving the straw collection, storage, and transportation system, cultivating demonstration enterprises, and popularizing high-efficiency utilization technologies. This paper provided a reference for the diversified comprehensive utilization of straw at the county level and the sustainable development of agriculture.