To screen and promote maize combinations with excellent comprehensive performance, 13 maize combinations including Sanzhengyu No.1 and Panzhou 520 were evaluated across 7 pilot sites in Bijie City, Guizhou Province. Correlation analysis, grey relational analysis and principal component analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate 14 agronomic traits including plant height, ear height and yield. The results showed that the average yield of the 13 combinations was 11 297.99 kg/hm², with a coefficient of variation of 16.65%. Yield was significantly positively correlated with plant height, ear height, kernel rows per ear, grain weight per ear and 100-kernel weight (P<0.05), and significantly negatively correlated with bare tip length and kernel type (P<0.05). The grey relational degrees with yield, in descending order, were: grain weight per ear (0.953) > plant height (0.945) > growth period (0.941) = kernel rows per ear (0.941) > 100-kernel weight (0.940) > kernels per row (0.937) > ear diameter (0.936) = ear length (0.936) > ear height (0.931) > cob color (0.909) > kernel type (0.813) > kernel color (0.801) > bare tip length (0.715). Six principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, with variance explanation rates of 21.623%, 13.924%, 13.353%, 13.081%, 9.707% and 7.584%, respectively, cumulatively explaining 79.272% of the total variance. Among them, yield and grain weight per ear had high loadings on the first principal component. The highest comprehensive score among the 13 combinations across 7 pilot sites was FGY78-P (Fenggeyu 78 in Panzhou pilot site). The top three combinations in overall comprehensive score were FGY78 (Fenggeyu 78), SNY88 (Shengnongyu 88) and SY17 (Shanyu 17). This study provides a reference for maize variety breeding, screening and identification.

To investigate the effects of different ratios of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer in saline soil improvement areas on rice yield and soil fertility, a field experiment was conducted using the rice variety Songzaoxiang No.1. Five organic fertilizer substitution treatments were established: T1, 100% chemical fertilizer; T2, 25% organic fertilizer+75% chemical fertilizer; T3, 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer; T4, 75% organic fertilizer+25% chemical fertilizer; and T5, 100% organic fertilizer. Rice yield and soil physicochemical properties were measured across treatments. The results showed that the T3 treatment achieved relatively high values in effective panicle number, grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, and 1 000-grain weight, at 3.128 × 10⁶ panicles/hm², 142.5 grains, 86.3%, and 26.8 g, respectively. The highest grain yield was also observed in T3 (9.6 t/hm²), which was 12.9% higher than that of T1. In terms of soil physicochemical properties, with the increase in the organic fertilizer substitution ratio, soil pH, total porosity, organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium all showed increasing trends, while bulk density exhibited a decreasing trend. The available nitrogen content was highest in the T4 treatment. In summary, an organic fertilizer substitution ratio of 50% is recommended for rice production in this region. This paper provides a reference for reducing chemical fertilizer application while increasing efficiency in rice production.

To screen for high-yield summer maize varieties suitable for the ecological conditions of Nanzhao County, Henan Province, a variety comparison trial was conducted with 16 summer maize varieties (Zhongdi 88, Woyu No.3, Qiule 368, Zhongbo 510, Luoyu 114, Shihui 623, Xianyu 1486, Yike 254, Nonghua 208, Kunyu No.8, Beiqing 210, Denghai 605, Luoyu No.3, Dika 653, Junyu No.6, and Jundan 20). The growth duration, agricultural traits, stress resistance, and grain yield of each variety were investigated. The results showed that the growth durations of all tested varieties ranged from 104 to 109 days, which were generally moderate. The plant height of each variety ranged from 259 to 298 cm. Except for Luoyu 114, which had a cylindrical ear type, all other varieties exhibited tubular ear type. The rust disease incidence ranged from 11.8% to 82.7%, and the lodging rate ranged from 9.3% to 44.2% across varieties. Woyu No.3, Shihui 623, Xianyu 1486, and Kunyu No.8 had rust disease incidence below 20% and lodging rates below 15%. Grain yields ranged from 388.8 to 591.5 kg/667 m², with 6 varieties (Kunyu No.8, Shihui 623, Luoyu 114, Denghai 605, Woyu No.3, and Zhongdi 88) yielding over 500 kg/667 m². Based on comprehensive evaluation of growth characteristics, Kunyu No.8, Shihui 623, Denghai 605, Woyu No.3, and Zhongdi 88 were selected as suitable varieties for demonstration and extended planting in the study area.

Based on the production practices of aromatic rice, this paper summarized the key points for high-yield cultivation. For variety selection, elite varieties with stress resistance and mechanical-harvesting suitability, such as Meibaxiangzhan, were chosen. For robust seedling cultivation, sowing dates were scientifically planned to avoid low temperatures in early spring or late autumn; seeds were sun-dried and sterilized with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) for germination. Plastic tray seedling raising was adopted, with film mulching in the early season and shading in the late season. Seedlings were broadcast at the 3.5-4.5 leaf stage and transplanted manually at the 4.0-4.5 leaf stage, using wide–narrow row planting. Water and fertilizer management followed the principles of “sufficient basal fertilizer, early tillering fertilizer, precise panicle fertilizer, and supplementary grain fertilizer”. Basal application consisted of urea at 10 kg/667 m² and superphosphate at 25 kg/667 m², supplemented with organic fertilizer. Tillering fertilizer was applied in two splits; panicle fertilizer was applied judiciously at the panicle initiation stage; and potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed after full heading. Water management adopted the strategy of “shallow water for transplanting, thin water for tillering, field drying at the critical tillering stage, deep water at heading, and moist irrigation during grain filling”. Field drying was initiated when each hill reached 8-10 tillers. Diseases and pests control adhered to the principle of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control. Agricultural measures included increased organic fertilizer application, scientific nitrogen–potassium ratios, and timely field drying. Physical measures included mesh filters, molluscicides, and light and sticky traps. Chemical control targeted rice blast, sheath blight, planthoppers, and rice leaf folder, with precise application of agents such as tricyclazole, Jinggangmycin, triflumezopyrim, and Metarhizium anisopliae. Harvesting was carried out at 25 days after full heading for early rice and 30 days after full heading for late rice, when more than 90% of the grains were yellow-ripe and moisture content was below 20%. After harvest, the grains were promptly dried to a moisture content below 13.5% for storage. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of aromatic rice.

To investigate the application effects of the plant growth regulator Bihu combined with foliar fertilizer in Lycium barbarum cultivation on saline-alkali soil, an 8-year-old Ningqi No. 7 variety was used as experimental material. A randomized block design was adopted, with 7 treatments: Bihu diluted at 5 000, 7 500, and 10 000 times, respectively, combined with Anrongle (10 mL) and Seaweed multivitamin diluted at 500 and 1 000 times (six combinations in total), and a control treatment (CK) using clear water, each repeated three times. Three foliar sprays were applied to the entire plant during shoot emergence and bud formation, flowering period, and after the first harvest. The effects of these treatments on yield and fruit quality (polysaccharides, total flavonoids, betaine, and carotenoids) were studied. The results showed that the yield and fruit quality indices of the Bihu combination treatments were superior to those of CK. Among them, Bihu 7 500-fold dilution + Anrongle 10 mL + Seaweed multivitamin 500-fold dilution (B2AH1) showed the best effect. Compared with CK, yield per plant increased by 86.3%, fruit polysaccharide content increased by 1.57 percentage points, total flavonoid content increased by 69.0%, betaine content increased by 0.54 percentage points, and carotenoid content increased by 92.0%. Overall, B2AH1 has a favorable effect in improving the quality and efficiency of Lycium barbarum cultivation in saline-alkali soil.

To optimize the fertilization regime for water celery production, this experiment was conducted using the cultivar YangzhouChangbaiQin. Three fertilization treatments were established: conventional fertilization (FP), optimized fertilization 1 (OPT1), and optimized fertilization 2 (OPT2). The FP treatment consisted of basal application of dried chicken manure at 500 kg/667 m², topdressing with 16-16-16 compound fertilizer at 20 kg/667 m² at the seedling stage, and two split topdressings of 16-16-16 compound fertilizer at a total of 60 kg/667 m² during the growing season. For OPT1 and OPT2, the basal fertilizer (commercial organic fertilizer at 500 kg/667 m²), seedling fertilizer (18-8-15 compound fertilizer at 10 kg/667 m² + urea at 5 kg/667 m²), and the first topdressing during the growing season (18-8-15 compound fertilizer at 30 kg/667 m²) were kept identical to each other. At the second topdressing during the growing season, OPT1 received 18-8-15 compound fertilizer at 30 kg/667 m², while OPT2 received urea at 12 kg/667 m² + potassium chloride at 9 kg/667 m². The effects of the optimized fertilization regimes on agronomic traits, yield, and quality of water celery were investigated. In addition, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and partial factor productivity of phosphorus fertilizer (PFP-P) were calculated. The results showed that the OPT1 treatment achieved the highest water celery plant density and yield, at 728.3 plants/m² and 6.42 kg/m², respectively; the OPT2 treatment had a slightly lower yield of 5.59 kg/m² but performed better in soluble sugar content (13.3 mg/g) and crude protein content (23.88%). Both OPT1 and OPT2 treatments reduced phosphorus fertilizer input (decreases of 48.16% and 56.19%, respectively), with PFP-P increasing by 178.2% and 179.5% compared to the FP treatment, respectively; NAE rates improved by 42.6% and 21.5%, respectively. Overall, the staged fertilization strategy of organic substitution in base fertilizer + phosphorus control during the seedling stage + nitrogen and potassium supplementation in the later stage can achieve high yield, superior quality, and efficient nutrient utilization in water celery. This study provides a reference for precision fertilization and reduced chemical fertilizer application with increased efficiency in water celery.

To clarify the regulatory effects of spraying different concentrations of 2,4-epibrassinolide (2,4-EBR) on the growth of honey peach, this study used 6-year-old Zhongyoupantao No.7 as the experimental material. Five 2,4-EBR spray concentration treatments were established: 0 (CK), 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L. The leaf photosynthetic characteristics, yield, appearance quality, and fruit quality of honey peach under different treatments were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the appropriate concentration of 2,4-EBR significantly enhanced the photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield, and quality of honey peach. The net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate reached the highest values under the 0.5 mg/L treatment, increasing by 18.84% and 29.06%, respectively, compared with CK. The maximum yield was also achieved at 0.5 mg/L, reaching 3 524.73 kg/hm², which was 28.78% higher than that of CK. In terms of fruit quality, the 0.5 mg/L treatment resulted in relatively better values for single fruit weight, soluble solids, soluble sugars, sugar–acid ratio, and total flavonoid content, at 341.15 g, 18.25%, 15.48%, 34.40, and 4.81 mg/g, respectively. In summary, the recommended spray concentration of 2,4-EBR for peach cultivation in the study area is 0.5 mg/L.

Combined with the cultivation practice of Cyperus esculentus in Yuyang District, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, this paper summarized the key technical points for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of Cyperus esculentus in sandy land from the aspects of site selection and soil preparation, sowing, field management, timely harvesting and storage. For Cyperus esculentus planting, sandy soil with deep soil layer, favorable drainage-irrigation conditions and no pollution sources is selected. High-yield, high-oil and stress-resistant varieties such as Yousha No. 2 are adopted. Seeds are carefully selected and mixed with pesticides before sowing to improve seedling uniformity and disease resistance. When the soil temperature stabilizes at 12 ℃, mechanical sowing is carried out using the ridge‑forming wide-narrow-row pattern, and 2-3 seeds are sown per hole. Compound fertilizer (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=15:15:15) is applied in combination with drip irrigation tape laying to enhance soil moisture conservation and wind-erosion resistance. Field water and fertilizer management is emphasized by implementing integrated water-fertilizer technology. Topdressing is applied at the seedling stage, tillering stage and tuber expansion stage. Foliar fertilizer is sprayed to inhibit vegetative growth and promote dry matter translocation to underground tubers. Weeds are controlled by integrating chemical and manual methods. Mechanical harvesting is performed from late September to early October. Cleaning, drying and standardized storage are conducted to improve product quality and storage safety. This paper provides a technical reference for standardized cultivation and large-scale production of Cyperus esculentus in sandy land.

This article summarized the cultivation techniques for Dianthus superbus in saline-alkali land of Northwest Shandong, covering aspects such as site selection and land preparation, pre-sowing seed treatment, field sowing date selection, water and fertilizer management, diseases and pests control, and harvesting and storage. During site selection and land preparation, priority should be given to plots with a salt content below 1.0% and good drainage, and organic fertilizer should be applied in combination with deep plowing to improve soil structure. During pre-sowing preparation, seeds should be soaked in warm water at 30–40 ℃ and dressed with 0.3%–0.5% carbendazim to improve the seed germination rate and disease resistance at the seedling stage. During field management, sowing should be carried out in spring and autumn (spring sowing from mid-April to early May, autumn sowing from late September to mid-October); seedlings should be thinned when 2–3 true leaves appear at the seedling stage; frequent light irrigation should be used to reduce salinity in the rhizosphere; base fertilizer should mainly be organic fertilizer supplemented with calcium superphosphate; and emphasis should be placed on controlling root rot, aphids, cutworms, and other diseases and pests characteristic of saline-alkali soil. During the harvesting and maintenance stage, the first harvest should be carried out at full flowering (late July), leaving a stubble height of 10 cm to promote sprouting for the second crop. It can be harvested 2–3 times per year. After harvest, it should be promptly dried in the shade and stored, and organic fertilizer should be applied as a topdressing to achieve continuous soil improvement. This study provides a reference for the cultivation of Dianthus superbus in saline-alkali land.

To investigate the effects of Chinese herbal formula compound on growth performance and immune organ development in chicks, a total of 160 one-day-old chicks with consistent body condition were randomly divided into 4 groups. The basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.1% (group Ⅰ), 0.2% (group Ⅱ), and 0.3% (group Ⅲ) of the Chinese herbal formula compound, respectively (composed of Astragalus membranaceus, Scutellaria baicalensis, Codonopsis pilosula, Angelica sinensis, Poria cocos, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis at a ratio of 3.0:2.0:2.0:1.5:1.0:0.5). After 21 days of formal feeding, growth performance indicators including average daily gain, immune function indicators including immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immune organ indices including thymus index were measured for each group. The results showed that in terms of growth performance, compared with the control group, the final body weight and average daily gain of chicks in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were significantly increased (P < 0.05); the average daily feed intake in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly increased, while the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Regarding immune function indicators, the IgG levels in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), while the levels of IgM, IgA, and IL-4 showed no statistically significant differences among the 4 groups (P > 0.05). For immune organ indices, compared with the control group, the thymus index and spleen index in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the bursa of Fabricius index in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings indicated that dietary supplementation with an appropriate amount of the Chinese herbal formula compound could promote growth and immune organ development and maturation in chicks, thereby enhancing their immune function.

To investigate the distribution of Muntiacus crinifrons resources in the Anhui Lingnan Nature Reserve, 135 infrared cameras were deployed from October 2023 to July 2024 to survey its habitat, population size, and distribution, and to calculate its relative abundance index (RAI) and population density. The results revealed that Muntiacus crinifrons activities were recorded in 13 grid cells, with a site occupancy rate of 10.4%. The species was primarily distributed at elevations of 600–800 m (RAI = 36.10), with evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest as the dominant habitat type (RAI = 46.93). The average population density was 0.282 individuals/km², and the total population was estimated at 18-20 individuals. This study provides a reference for the conservation and management of Muntiacus crinifrons in this region.

This study compared 3 cultivation methods of Phellodendron amurense: container seedling cultivation, field seedling cultivation, and cutting seedling cultivation, key factors such as seedling emergence rate/rooting rate, plant height, ground diameter, root morphology, lignification degree, seedling health status, maturation cycle, comprehensive quality, and cultivation cost were analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that container seedling cultivation resulted in uniform seedling emergence, fast growth of seedlings. During the experimental period, the average seedlings height reached 211.03 mm. The seedlings had strong adaptability. The rate of first and second grade seedlings being ready for sale in the same year was over 90%. However, the seedling cultivation process was cumbersome and the production cost was relatively high (21 805 yuan/667 m²). Field seedling cultivation had a slightly lower overall quality of seedlings compared to container seedling cultivation, with the outplanted rates of the first and second grade seedlings were around 80% in the same year. However, its seedlings had developed root systems and a high degree of lignification, and the cultivation cost was lower (3 995 yuan/667 m²). Compared with seed propagation, cutting seedling cultivation took longer to sprout and develop roots, had a lower rooting rate, and resulted in seedlings with a lower degree of lignification; consequently, the seedlings cannot be removed from the nursery in the same year. This method allowed the superior genetic traits of the parent plant to be reliably preserved. In conclusion, container seedling cultivation is suitable for production scenarios where the seedling cultivation site is limited, the local conditions are poor, and there are high requirements for the size and quality of the seedlings, as well as the need for rapid seedling cultivation; field seedling cultivation is suitable for large-scale seedling breeding and related scientific research; and cutting seedling cultivation is mostly used for the selection of superior varieties and the targeted cultivation of seedlings with specific genetic backgrounds. In actual production, the appropriate seedling cultivation techniques should be selected based on the local conditions, the breeding goals and the production requirements. This paper provides a reference for the efficient cultivation and promotion of Phellodendron amurense in the Ziwuling forest area.

This article summarized the technical measures for protection and rejuvenation of ancient trees on sloping land in the Dali area of Yunnan Province. By adopting a comprehensive management model that combines engineering measures and biological measures, the harsh living conditions of ancient trees on sloping land can be effectively improved, which is an efficient governance method for the rejuvenation and protection of endangered ancient trees on sloping land. Among them, the engineering measures, through means such as comprehensive environmental improvement, tree pit construction, and tree support and protection, effectively address key issues such as soil erosion on slopes, root damage, soil compaction, waterlogging and flooding, and human interference, stabilizing the growth conditions of ancient trees; the biological measures focus on root system restoration, soil improvement, scientific fertilization, vegetation optimization, and ecological slope protection, improving the water, fertilizer, gas, and heat environment at the root zone, restoring root activity, enhancing soil fertility, and constructing an ecological system suitable for the healthy growth of ancient trees. This article provides a reference for the protection of ancient trees in related areas.

This article analyzed the epidemic situation of pine wilt disease in Shexian, Anhui Province, the current prevention and control status, and the aspects that need improvement in the prevention and control process. Specific countermeasures are proposed. In 2024, the pine wilt disease prevention and control efforts in the study area achieved remarkable results, with significant reductions in the number of epidemic foci, the affected area, and the number of dead pine trees. The study area has established a clear rights and responsibilities, and well-regulated pine wilt disease prevention and control responsibility system, and has formed a regular and long-term management mechanism including process supervision, supervision and inspection, etc. At the same time, a three-dimensional comprehensive prevention and control system based on monitoring and early warning, with the removal of infected wood as the core, and with source prevention and control as the foundation, supplemented by the protection of healthy pine trees and the prevention and control of vector insects, has been established. The region is actively exploring efficient prevention and control technologies, implementing operation methods such as package treatment and centralized harmless disposal of infected wood after it descends from the mountains, further enhancing the overall level of disease control and management. In view of the areas that need improvement during the prevention and control process, such as regulatory systems, and technological application, it is proposed to establish a prevention and control organization cultivation and supervision mechanism, cultivate professional prevention and control teams; comprehensively apply prevention and control measures like biological control and ecological regulation, innovate publicity methods; promote large-scale unmanned aerial vehicle lifting systems; upgrade professional prevention and control unmanned aerial vehicle equipment with heavy load capacity and high stability, etc. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease in related regions.

To clarify the temporal pattern and spatial distribution characteristics of diseases and pests occurrences in the high-generation seed orchards of Cunninghamia lanceolata in Guangxi, a systematic investigation was conducted from 2023 to 2025 in 4 Cunninghamia lanceolata germplasm bases: Rong’an County Xishan Forest Farm, Rongshui Miao Autonomous County Beijianghe Forest Farm, Quanzhou County Xianshui Forest Farm, and Xiangzhou County Forest Farm. The investigation covered the types of pests and diseases, affected parts, and the incidence rate of affected trees. The results showed that a total of 7 main diseases and 5 main insect pests were monitored in the study area, among which Cunninghamia lanceolata anthracnose (with disease index ranging from 24.8 to 55.5) and Sinorsillus piliferus (with damage rate ranging from 11.5% to 31.9%) caused the most severe damage. The damage caused by diseases and pests has been gradually reducing year by year. The occurrence of diseases and pests showed a distinct seasonal pattern. Disease outbreaks were most severe from April to June, with anthracnose reaching its peak in May; the damage caused by the Sinorsillus piliferus showed a bimodal occurrence pattern, with the peak damage occurring in May and from August to September, while Polychrosis cunninghamiacola was concentrated in the period from late April to May. The spatial differentiation characteristics of diseases and pests were significant. The damage was more severe on the downhill side than on the uphill side. The vertical damage caused by diseases and other pests (except for Polychrosis cunninghamiacola) was as follows: the lower layer of the tree crown > the middle layer > the upper layer. This article provides a reference for the precise prevention and control of regional Cunninghamia lanceolata diseases and pests.

To clarify the characteristics of flowering and fruiting of Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi and the dynamics of fruit development, and to determine the impact of different pollination methods on its fruit setting rate, this study used 26-year-old Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi as the experimental material, systematically investigated its floral and fruit biological characteristics, the phenological rhythms of male and female flowers, the flowering and fruiting patterns, the fruit growth and development process, and the occurrence of disease and pest fruits. A natural pollination treatment was used as the control, and artificial pollination (cross-pollination, parthenogenesis, self-pollination) comparative experiments were conducted. The results showed that the flowering period of Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi was from the end of April to the end of May. The male flowers bloomed about 5 days earlier than the female flowers. The fruiting period was from May to October. During this period, there were 2 physiological fruit drop events. The first fruit drop peak occurred in early June, with a relative fruit drop rate of 66.80%, and the second fruit drop period occurred in late July, with a relative fruit drop rate of 13.61%. The disease and pest fruit rate of Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi was 8.20%. There were significant differences in the fruit setting rates among different pollination treatments. The fruit setting rate of the artificial cross-pollination treatment was the highest, at 62.43%, while that of the parthenogenesis treatment was the lowest, at 8.49%. In summary, Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi belongs to a male-preferential self-pollination and parthenogenesis tree species. Its self-pollination affinity is weak, and there is a phenomenon of parthenogenesis. The main mode of pollination is cross-pollination. Through artificial cross-pollination, the fruit setting rate of Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi can be effectively increased.

To investigate the natural fruit drop pattern of Carya cathayensis in Ningguo City, a fixed-point observation method was employed to monitor fruit fall at a designated plantation over three consecutive years from 2022 to 2024. During each year’s fruit drop period, 10 trees with similar growth vigor were selected for a 30-day monitoring of fruit-fall amount. The fruit-fall rate was calculated and its temporal trend was analyzed. The results showed that in 2022, the Carya cathayensis in the study area entered the fruit drop period on September 14, with the fruit drop rate peaking on September 19, when the peak drop rate increased by approximately 1.1 times compared to the initial rate. In 2023, the fruit drop period began on August 30, with 2 peak drop rates occurring on September 10 and September 20, respectively; the peak fruit drop rate increased by about 1.9 times relative to the initial rate. In 2024, the fruit drop period commenced on September 13, and the fruit drop rate reached its peak on October 2, with the peak fruit drop rate increasing by approximately 1.1 times compared to the relatively stable period. In 2022, 2023, and 2024, the 30-day cumulative natural fruit drop accounted for 84.90%, 83.68%, and 79.91% of the total natural fruit drop, respectively. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the hickory nuts enter their peak dropping phase approximately 10 days after the onset of the fruit drop period, with this peak lasting for 10 to 20 days. Moreover, the natural fruit drop rate exhibited a declining trend year by year over the study period.

Taking Dabanqiao Town Section of the Dianchi Lake Basin as a typical case, this study analyzed the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in the region, and proposed practical technical solutions. The main pollution sources in the study area include storm runoff from sloping farmlands, livestock and poultry manure from large-scale breeding, and agricultural waste, which lead to the problems of eutrophication in the water body and combined heavy metal contamination in the soil. At present, agricultural non-point source pollution control faces difficulties such as the difficulty of implementing technologies on the ground. On this basis, a technical system centered on intelligent monitoring, engineered interception, and resource recycling was constructed. At the spatial prevention and control level, a full-space runoff interception system spanning slopes, ditches, and lakeshores was established to achieve wet-season storage, pollutant interception, and dry-season allocation. At the precision management and control level, an integrated monitoring network was established and combined with a big data platform to enable pollution early warning and precision fertilization. At the recycling level, a closed-loop recycling system for planting and breeding waste was constructed, covering straw composting, anaerobic fermentation of manure, and ecological rice-field planting and breeding, thereby promoting nutrient cycling and synergistic emission reduction. This paper provides a reference for the control of non-point source pollution in plateau lakes.

Currently, urban parks commonly face problems such as disconnection between single-function design and diverse public needs, as well as stylistic homogenization, calling for new approaches and methodologies. The scenes theory, with its inherent characteristics of holism, diversity, and dynamism, offers a valuable perspective for the renewal of urban parks. Taking the Derenshan Park in Beitun City as a case study, this paper applies the semantic differential (SD) method to evaluate park scene satisfaction across 15 dimensions based on the theoretical framework, and subsequently proposes scenario creation strategies. The results indicated that the park achieves relatively high satisfaction scores in 8 dimensions (realism, distinctiveness, behavioral norms, openness and visibility, accessibility, formality, equality, and participation), while scoring lower in 7 dimensions (locality, thematic focus, ethnic character, uniqueness of style, tradition, practicality, and appeal). Overall, the park still has considerable room for improvement in terms of cultural identity, landscape distinctiveness, and operational models. Based on these findings, scenario creation enhancement strategies are proposed: add cultural facilities, develop a cultural IP, and regularly organize cultural events to enrich the park’s cultural connotations and strengthen visitors’ sense of belonging; create themed scenes and introduce an AI-powered tour guide platform to enable smart operation and boost overall park vitality; tailor functional facilities and commercial formats to different visitor segments to meet diverse needs, while incorporating market-oriented operation mechanisms to stimulate commercial activity. These strategies are expected to jointly enhance the park’s place spirit, public participation, and economic performance. This study provides case references for the renovation and improvement of parks in the northwest region.

This paper elaborated on the types, distribution, and causes of saline-alkali land, as well as the main improvement measures and practical application. In terms of classification, a systematic framework is established from dimensions such as formation process (primary and secondary), salinization degree (mild < 3‰, moderate 3‰–6‰, severe > 6‰), soil salt types (inland, coastal, and alluvial plain), and occurrence characteristics (saline soil and alkaline soil and their subtypes). Saline-alkali land is mainly concentrated in three major areas: the arid and semi-arid regions of Central and Western China, dominated by sulfate–chloride type; the northeastern region, dominated by carbonate-type soda saline-alkali land; and the eastern coastal areas, dominated by chloride-type coastal saline-alkali land. The causes are complex, mainly related to climatic conditions, topography, geology, groundwater level, and human activities. At present, a technical system of single or combined measures including engineering, physical, chemical, and biological improvements has been developed, each with its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of effectiveness, cost, and duration, requiring adaptive combination according to local conditions. In terms of comprehensive utilization, for coastal chloride-type saline-alkali land, models such as subsurface pipe drainage, “upland farming and lowland aquaculture”, and selection of salt-tolerant varieties are promoted; for inland sulfate–chloride type, integrated approaches including irrigation and drainage engineering, soil reconstruction, film mulching with water-saving model are adopted; for northeastern carbonate-type soda saline-alkali land, relying on the “good field, good variety, good practice” approach, combined with special models like promoting reclamation through aquaculture, have achieved synergistic development of ecological remediation and agricultural production. This paper provides a reference for the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land.

This paper systematically analyzed the current status and challenges of collection and transportation of livestock and poultry manure in the Ningxia region, and proposed corresponding development ideas and countermeasures. The study area has cultivated diverse service providers through pilot programs, explored and formed a market-oriented operation model, and initially established a basic service system covering the collection, transport, treatment, and land application of livestock and poultry manure. Key attention should currently be paid to the coordination of interests among stakeholders, the collection, transportation, and treatment of wastewater, the development of publicity and training systems, the coverage of socialized services, and the linkage between crop and livestock production. To address these links, with the core idea of promoting green and circular development of the crop and livestock sectors, measures are proposed in five areas: establishing multi-stakeholder consultation platforms to clarify cost and benefit distribution rules, and supporting facility subsidies, production incentives, and policy-based insurance to reduce operational risks; collaborating with research institutes to develop adapted technologies such as solid-liquid separation of water-flushed manure, and building a smart management platform to enable dynamic scheduling throughout the entire manure collection and transport process; using short videos, on-site demonstrations, and other means to publicize the benefits of manure treatment, while providing hands-on training in composting and land application to increase willingness to participate; cultivating regional manure treatment consortiums and providing full-chain services, promoting a “manure-for-organic fertilizer/cash” exchange model, and adding village-level temporary storage points to fill gaps in remote areas; and following the principle of “determining livestock production based on crop nutrient demand”, coordinating the spatial layout of crop farming and livestock production, piloting mechanisms for nearby land application of manure by zone, and promoting a precise match between manure output and crop nutrient demand. This paper provides references for the resource utilization of livestock manure and green circular agricultural development in Ningxia and the dry-farming regions of Northwest China.

This paper analyzed the causes and hazards of soil salinization-alkalization, as well as amelioration measures for saline-alkali land, and reviewed research on the application of biochar in saline-alkali soil amelioration. Soil salinization-alkalization results from the combined effects of natural processes and human activities. Natural factors including climate, topography and hydrogeological conditions determine the sources and accumulation characteristics of regional salt; human activities such as irrational irrigation and changes in land-use patterns disturb regional water-salt balance and further aggravate secondary salinization‑alkalization. Soil salinization-alkalization degrades soil physical structure (reducing porosity, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration capacity), disturbs soil chemical environment (salt accumulation, elevated pH and weakened carbon-nitrogen mineralization), decreases the availability of macro- and micro-nutrients, and consequently inhibits crop growth and leads to substantial yield losses. Conventional amelioration approaches including hydraulic engineering, chemical amendment and biological amelioration can mitigate saline-alkali soil conditions from different aspects, yet they suffer from respective drawbacks such as high costs, slow effectiveness, limited amelioration efficiency, insufficient deep-layer amelioration and high risk of salt return. In contrast, biochar-based amelioration, characterized by environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness and long-term effects, has become a promising technique for saline‑alkali land remediation. Biochar improves saline‑alkali soil physical properties (e.g., increasing porosity and hydraulic conductivity), regulates soil chemical characteristics (e.g., reducing electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio), enhances nutrient availability (e.g., supplementing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and optimizes soil microbial community structure, thereby promoting crop growth and increasing crop yield. This study provides a reference for the efficient and standardized application of biochar in saline-alkali land amelioration.

Based on the practical experience of termite control in the Daguanting historical and cultural district of Anqing City, Anhui Province, this paper investigated the types, grades and causes of termite damage in this area, and proposed corresponding control measures. The results showed that the types of termite damage in the study area mainly included Coptotermes formosanus, Reticulitermes flaviceps and Odontotermes formosanus, among which the Coptotermes formosanus was the dominant species; the overall termite damage grade of the district was grade Ⅲ (severe damage level). The warm and humid climate, the introduction of soil-based seedlings from outside, the weak termite-resistant performance of the buildings themselves, and the favorable micro-environment of the roof all were the main causes of termite damage in this area. In response to the termite infestation in this historic and cultural district, appropriate control measures were proposed, including the installation of real-time, automated, intelligent termite monitoring devices, the conduct of regular inspections, and cleaning of wooden components of historic buildings and roof areas, and the timely eradication of termites through chemical control methods (baiting, powder application and liquid treatment). By monitoring termite activity, the aim is to control population density and achieve long-term conservation. This article provides a reference for termite control in cultural districts.

To screen effective combined fungicides for controlling peach anthracnose, a field trial was conducted in a peach orchard in Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, with the peach variety ‘Hujing Milu’. The safety and control efficacy of 3 compound formulations, namely difenoconazole·pyraclostrobin 35% SC, difenoconazole·azoxystrobin 325 g/L SC, and pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole 35% SC, as well as their corresponding single agents, against peach anthracnose were compared. The results showed that peach trees in all compound formulation treatment areas grew normally without any phytotoxicity symptoms, indicating good safety. The control efficacies of the compound formulations on both leaves and fruits were superior to those of the single agents. Among them, difenoconazole·pyraclostrobin 35% SC at 420 mL/hm² performed the best, with control efficacies of 70.26% on leaves and 74.19% on fruits at 14 days after the second application; pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole 35% SC ranked second, with both efficacies exceeding 69% at the same time. The control efficacy of mancozeb 70% WP was relatively low, with a fruit efficacy of only 31.29% at 14 days after the second application. In summary, the 3 compound formulations exhibited good field control effects against peach anthracnose with high safety. It is recommended that they be applied in rotation combined with key control stages (15 days after flowering, fruit enlargement period, and before bagging) and supplemented with agricultural management measures to establish a sustainable control system.

This study employed ultrafine grinding combined with ionic liquid-water pretreatment technology, and investigated the effects of different pretreatment temperatures, pretreatment times, ionic liquid contents, and ball milling times on the lignocellulosic components of maize stover. The results showed that the raw maize stover contained 30.50% cellulose, 18.98% hemicellulose, and 19.12% lignin. After the combined pretreatment, cellulose content ranged from 63.40% to 81.74%, hemicellulose from 4.22% to 23.05%, and lignin from 0.78% to 2.41%. The lignin extraction rate ranged from 94.53% to 98.43%, and the hemicellulose degradation rate ranged from 47.21% to 92.48%. Under water-washing pretreatment alone, the 3 component contents were 34.00%, 22.10%, and 19.43%, respectively, with a lignin extraction rate of 16.42% and a hemicellulose degradation rate of 4.26%. Ultrafine grinding combined with ionic liquid–water pretreatment effectively removed most of the lignin and part of the hemicellulose from maize stover, enriched the cellulose fraction, and thereby providing favorable conditions for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.

Near-infrared spectroscopy, owing to its rapid and non-destructive advantages, held important application value in the field of raw milk quality detection. This paper reviewed the research progress of near-infrared spectroscopy in the determination of routine physicochemical indicators, adulterant identification, pesticide residue screening, and safety risk factor detection in raw milk. The results showed that this method demonstrated good feasibility and reliability in both quantitative prediction and qualitative discrimination. On this basis, the current application status of handheld detection devices at the farm end and online intelligent detection systems in dairy enterprises was introduced. The former moved the quality control node forward to the source of milk, while the latter promoted the rapid and intelligent raw material acceptance and process monitoring. In view of the existing problems in technology popularization, such as insufficient device consistency, interference of complex matrices on model stability, and limited adaptability to emerging adulterants, it was pointed out that multi-modal spectral fusion, deep learning modeling, and Internet of Things integration represented important future development directions. This paper provides a reference for further research on near-infrared spectroscopy in the intelligent detection of raw milk quality.

To address the application limitations of aquatic plant essential oils caused by hydrophobicity and chemical instability, this study adopted high-pressure microfluidization homogenization technology to prepare an oil-in-water emulsified essential oil, and systematically evaluated its physicochemical properties, component retention rates, and in vitro antibacterial activity. The results showed that when the emulsified essential oil was dispersed in water at 0.2%, the system remained stable and transparent within 24 h. The mean droplet size was (93.36±0.27) nm, the polydispersity index was 0.12±0.01, and the Zeta potential was (-28.5±1.2) mV. The emulsion stability index reached 100%, and no creaming was observed after storage at room temperature in the dark for 7 days. After 2 months of dark storage, the retention rate of cinnamaldehyde increased from 50.3% in the non‑emulsified group to 91.7%, while the retention rates of thymol and carvacrol reached 99.8% and 99.7%, respectively. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of the emulsified essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increased in a concentration-dependent manner. At an addition level of 2 kg/t, its inhibitory effect on E. coli was comparable to that of 100 μg/mL ciprofloxacin, and its inhibitory effect on S. aureus was superior to that of the 100 μg/mL ciprofloxacin treatment group. In conclusion, the emulsification process significantly improved the physicochemical stability and bioactivity of aquatic plant essential oils, providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for their application in aquaculture.

To optimize the tissue culture medium formulation for the aseptic sowing of hybrid Dendrobium, mature capsules of Dendrobium Oriental Magic Carmen × Snow Jade hybrid combination were used as explants. Ten treatments were designed based on 1/2 MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L), banana homogenate (BJ) (0, 50, 100, 200 g/L), and agar (6, 9 g/L). The effects of these treatments on seed germination rate and seedling growth were compared. The results showed that germination rates differed significantly among treatments, ranging from 43.80% to 99.07%. Treatment T4 (NAA 1.0 mg/L+BJ 100 g/L+agar 9 g/L) gave the highest germination rate (99.07%). At 90 days after sowing, both T3 and T4 achieved a comprehensive score of 10, with vigorous seedlings, dark green leaves, and dense distribution. The synergistic effect of NAA and BJ exhibited a promotion at lower concentrations but inhibition at higher concentrations, with the optimal combination being NAA 1.0 mg/L+BJ 100 g/L+agar 9 g/L. This study identified T4 as the optimal medium formulation, which could serve as a reference for large-scale aseptic sowing and rapid propagation of this hybrid.

In the aftermath of meteorological disasters, remote sensing technology enables rapid extraction of crop-affected areas and precise monitoring of disaster severity, providing a basis for disaster loss assessment and post-disaster production recovery decision-making. This paper introduced the advantages of remote sensing technology in agricultural meteorological disaster monitoring, its specific application scenarios in the Tumot Right Banner region, and put forward development suggestions. Based on the principle of electromagnetic wave reflection and radiation, remote sensing technology can enhance the forecasting capability of meteorological disasters, expand the monitoring scope. By means of multispectral, hyperspectral sensors and microwave remote sensing, this technology has been applied in the study area to monitor crop growth status and soil moisture in drought disasters, to monitor snow cover extent and thickness in snow disasters, and to monitor affected areas and crop damage severity in hail disasters. However, further improvements are still needed in areas such as multi-source data fusion, professional personnel training, and technological innovation. Based on this, the following countermeasures are proposed: establishing unified data standards and specifications, developing efficient data fusion algorithms, and introducing artificial intelligence technologies to achieve deep collaboration and integration of multi-source data. Additionally, it is essential to improve the talent cultivation system and regularly organize personnel to participate in academic exchange activities, thereby strengthening the professional workforce. This paper provides a reference for promoting the better application of remote sensing technology in agricultural meteorological disaster monitoring.

This study utilized radar data, hail data, and lightning data from a hailstorm event on June 10, 2023, in the study area. 4 sample points were selected as research objects, and statistical analysis methods combined with the 2σ algorithm were employed to analyze the lightning characteristics of the hailstorm process. The results showed that a total of 1 585 flashes (including cloud-to-ground and intra-cloud flashes) were observed during this hailstorm, with cloud-to-ground flashes accounting for 80.69%, an average intensity of 15.29 kA, and a positive flash proportion of 67.55%. Among the sample points, sample point 3 recorded the highest number of total flashes, with 586 flashes. The total flash frequency at the 4 sample points generally exhibited a bimodal pattern: it increased to a peak before hailfall, then decreased, and experienced a secondary increase after hailfall began. All 4 sample points showed a jump phenomenon in total flash frequency, with the jump signal appearing on average 15.5 min before hailfall. In summary, the lightning activity during this hailstorm was dominated by cloud-to-ground flashes, among which positive flashes were predominant. The timing of the jump signal can serve as an indicator for short-term nowcasting of hailfall.

To clarify the tourism-suitable meteorological conditions of Huangshan scenic area, this study adopted meteorological observation data from Guangmingding Meteorological Station of Huangshan from 1991 to 2020, and analyzed meteorological elements including air temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration, as well as comfort evaluation indices such as temperature-humidity index (THI), wind-effect index (K) and index of clothing (ICL). The results showed that the study area had cool summers (15.6~18.0 ℃) and cold winters (-1.8~0.1 ℃）. Low-temperature frost affected spring-tea bud break in high-altitude tea-growing areas. The heavy fog mainly appeared in spring and early summer, with an annual average of 254 days. High humidity and frequent fog contributed to the formation of tea quality. The precipitation was concentrated from May to August. During the Jianghuai Meiyu period from early June to mid-July, the number of rainstorms and severe convection days was large, which easily triggered farmland waterlogging and caused disaster impacts on local crops. The annual average sunshine duration was 1 657.8 h, with higher sunshine duration in winter than in summer. Gales mainly occurred in spring and summer, and the annual average number of days with wind force above grade 8 reached 90 days. The period from March to November featured suitable temperature and moderate humidity. It is a critical period for the production of tea and under-forest medicinal herbs, and favorable for mountain-climbing and agro-tourism activities. December to March of the following year was the optimal period for viewing sea-of-clouds landscape, rime and winter snow. In terms of comfort indices, except for the Meiyu period from June to July and the cold period from December to February of the following year, favorable comfort indices are observed from April to October with pleasant human thermal sensation. This study provides a reference for scenic area tourism planning, characteristic agro-tourism development, and agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation in surrounding areas.

To improve the teaching quality of graduation thesis (design) for Agriculture and Pharmacy majors, based on the OBE concept and the “society + entrepreneurship + scientific research + enterprise cooperation” (2SE) model, this paper analyzed the aspects of teacher guidance model adaptability, practical conditions and training depth, and quality control and evaluation mechanisms, where room for improvement was identified, and corresponding reform paths were proposed accordingly. First, by reforming the guidance model and implementing the “tutor system” and “dual-tutor system”, the guidance ability of teachers under the OBE framework was enhanced, and the effectiveness of school-enterprise collaborative education was strengthened. Second, by optimizing training arrangements, strengthening practical resources and funding support, and enriching academic competitions and club activities, the practical teaching support system was improved, and the sources of topics and the practical depth of graduation thesis (design) were broadened. Third, by constructing a multi-dimensional quality evaluation standard covering the whole process of topic selection, proposal, mid-term inspection, review, defense, and subsequent rectification, the quality control and continuous improvement mechanism was strengthened. This paper provides a reference for educational teaching reform in similar majors.

Graduation design is identified as a key practical component in the cultivation of Landscape Architecture professionals. This paper analyzed the current status of graduation design teaching in this field and proposed a joint graduation design teaching model as a countermeasure. Several areas for improvement were recognized in terms of topic selection, interdisciplinary integration, evaluation dimensions, and practical learning. Accordingly, corresponding teaching strategies were put forward: in topic selection, students were guided to focus on real-world issues such as urban renewal, ecological restoration, rural landscape, and natural protected area planning, so as to diversify topic types and enhance social service attributes; in interdisciplinary integration, students from Landscape Architecture, Architecture, and Urban Planning were grouped into the same project team, integrating multidisciplinary tools and methods to produce comprehensive outcomes covering all aspects of the built environment; in evaluation, innovative thinking, social value, environmental benefits, and engineering feasibility were incorporated into the assessment indicators, and external experts and industry practitioners were invited to participate in the review process, thereby establishing a multi-dimensional and multi-stakeholder evaluation mechanism; in practical learning, industry standards, cost data, and field investigations were embedded throughout the entire process from topic selection to final review, ensuring that design proposals possessed technical and economic feasibility as well as practical value. This paper provides a reference for the reform of practical teaching in Landscape Architecture.

Agrivoltaics is an important pathway for promoting green agricultural transformation and also put forward new requirements for the practical teaching of related majors in universities. Based on questionnaire survey data from 274 enrolled students at the College of Agricultural Economics and Management, Shanxi Agricultural University, this study constructed a variable system covering five dimensions-personal characteristics, practical willingness, research willingness, operational characteristics, and practice characteristics-with a total of 24 indicators. A binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze students’ willingness to participate in agrivoltaic teaching and research practice and its influencing factors. The results showed that 70.1% of students were willing to participate in this type of practice, indicating a relatively high overall willingness. The model reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.672) and validity (KMO = 0.806) were acceptable. Collinearity diagnostics (VIF < 10) and goodness-of-fit tests both indicated that the model was satisfactory. Significance analysis showed that gender (X1) and grade (X3) had significant negative effects on willingness to participate, while major (X4), participation in clubs or organizations (X7), agrivoltaic mode (type) (X12), practice subsidy (X20), and distance to the practice site (X21) had significant positive effects on willingness to participate. Among them, the OR value for practice subsidy was the largest (10.231), while that for gender was the smallest (0.155). Based on the empirical results, it was recommended to enhance students’ willingness to participate and teaching effectiveness from three aspects: optimizing the design of practical teaching content, establishing a reasonable incentive and evaluation mechanism, and strengthening the construction of practical teaching bases. This study provides a reference for the practical teaching reform of related courses in agricultural economics and management.

Against the background of new agricultural science development, general education reform posed higher demands for the cultivation of interdisciplinary talents. This paper took the general education experimental course Exploring the Mysteries of Life Sciences as the subject to explore the implementation pathway of integrating research achievements into experimental teaching. The course focused on the detection of genetically modified (GM) crops, constructed a teaching system around the principles of GM technology, detection methods, and operational procedures. It adopted blended online and offline teaching, flipped classroom, and diversified assessment methods, and incorporated ideological and political education, frontier hot topics, and interesting knowledge into the teaching content. Teaching effectiveness data from the autumn semester of 2023 showed that 97.65% of students approved of the popular science experimental teaching approach, and the course attendance rate reached 100.0%. The integration of research achievements into general education experimental teaching helped to stimulate the interest of non-biology majors in learning, enhance their scientific literacy and comprehensive abilities. This paper provides a reference for the reform of general education courses in agricultural and forestry universities.

This paper analyzed the key links in the teaching of the Soil Improvement course and proposed corresponding practical reform paths. There was still room for further optimization in the curriculum content, practical teaching links, personalized teaching, and assessment and evaluation of this course. On this basis, targeted reform strategies were proposed. New course modules were added, with practical topics such as saline-alkali soil and red soil introduced. Heuristic questioning and case analysis were adopted in classroom interaction to guide students to apply scientific research thinking to solve soil improvement problems. Relying on scientific research infrastructures and practical teaching platforms, a project-based professional practice model was implemented to stimulate students’ subjective initiative. Furthermore, artificial intelligence technology was used to analyze students’ learning conditions such as knowledge mastery, and three-dimensional modeling and virtual reality technology were applied to restore real soil degradation scenarios. In terms of evaluation optimization, a process-oriented evaluation system was introduced. Classroom links including independent thinking training were added in theoretical teaching, while comprehensive and design experiments were set in practical teaching. Teachers decomposed scientific research projects into sub-topics for students to independently complete topic selection, experimental design and data analysis. The practical reform results showed that the teachers undertaking this course obtained 2 newly approved National Natural Science Foundation projects and published more than 10 scientific research papers. Meanwhile, students won 8 provincial and above discipline competition awards and undertaken 4 innovative training programs under teachers’ guidance. This study provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.