The planting performance of Zhuliangyou 5298 was combined in Anqing City, Anhui Province area, and its high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. From 2022 to 2024, this variety was planted in 12 demonstration sites, including Wangjiang County in Anqing City, with an upright and upward curved plant shape; the growth period was 130-136 days, with an average seed setting rate of 85.77%, a thousand grain weight of 24.1 g, and a yield of 8 280-9 000 kg/hm²; good polished rice yield and excellent rice quality; strong anti lodging ability. Its high yield cultivation techniques include early sowing (sowing and seedling cultivation from late April to mid May), timely transplanting, cultivating strong seedlings, keeping the soil of the seedling field moist, applying “weaning fertilizer” (urea 60-75 kg/hm²) according to the growth of the seedlings, and timely prevention and control of seedling diseases and pests such as rice thrips and bakanae disease; select high speed rice transplanter operation based on seedling quality, planting time, etc., inspect and debug the transplanting machinery according to the settings, determine the planting distance, seedling amount, and depth; timely weed control (spraying pesticides such as butachlor for soil sealing, spraying pesticides such as butazone for stem and leaf control during the seedling stage, and spraying pesticides such as 30% propiconazole for sealing throughout the field after the seedlings); heavy application of base fertilizer (45% compound fertilizer 450-600 kg/hm²), early application of tillering fertilizer (high nitrogen and high potassium compound fertilizer 225-300 kg/hm²), and supplementary application of ear fertilizer (potassium chloride 112.5-150.0 kg/hm²); shallow water seedling planting, deep water live planting, alternating dry and wet conditions to promote tillering; appropriate pesticides should be used during the growth period of the field to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast and sheath blight. This article provides a reference for further promotion and planting of this variety in similar regions.

Tobacco black shank is one of the major diseases in tobacco production. It has become increasingly severe due to factors such as continuous cropping and frequent introduction of new varieties, threatening the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The etiological characteristics, disease symptoms, pathogenic factors, and control measures of this disease were elaborated. The pathogen of this disease belongs to the genus Phytophthora, with mycelium or chlamydospores serving as the primary infection sources. Its zoospores can directly penetrate the epidermis to infect plants. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth is 28–32 °C, and the optimal temperature for sporangium production is 24–28 °C. This disease can occur throughout the entire growth period of tobacco, with high incidence from the rosette stage to the vigorous growth stage. It mainly damages the basal stems and roots. In the seedling stage, it manifests as “damping-off”; in the field stage, it presents typical symptoms such as “mantle-like”, “bamboo shoot node-like”, and “disc-like” lesions. Pathogenic factors include overwintering of pathogens (surviving for 2–3 years, with continuous cropping exacerbating accumulation), high temperature and high humidity climates (field humidity above 80% for 3–5 consecutive days leading to disease peaks), and root-knot nematode infection (aggravating the damage). Control measures include breeding disease-resistant varieties (such as highly resistant varieties such as Zhongyan 100 and Yuyan No.2, and moderately resistant varieties such as K326 and Yunyan 85); agricultural control (rational crop rotation/intercropping with non-host crops, deep plowing and sunning, high-ridging and earthing up, drainage and humidity reduction, etc.); biological control (using antagonistic microorganisms such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas, as well as plant-derived fungicides from garlic and corktree bark); and chemical control (agents such as metalaxyl-mancozeb, mefenoxam-mancozeb, and dimethomorph). Future research should further explore its pathogenic mechanisms, accelerate the improvement of disease-resistant varieties, develop environmentally friendly biological agents, and optimize integrated prevention and control systems to adapt to different production needs.

Canine distemper is a non zoonotic disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV). This study focuses on dogs suspected of suffering from canine distemper, and diagnoses them through clinical examination, blood biochemical indicators, blood routine indicators,and antigen detection; adopt methods such as combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine (Sangju Yinqiao powder decoction + Doxycycline powder, etc.) and treating based on syndrome differentiation to treat it. The results showed that the diseased dogs had poor mental state, frequent sneezing, thick nasal discharge, and bleeding. The concentrations of albumin, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and globulin in the diseased dog were higher than the reference values. The total number of white blood cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils were significantly increased. The antigen test was positive. All the evidence indicates that the dog is suffering from canine distemper.After treatment, the dog’s condition improved, and its appetite, mental state, blood biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators all returned to normal. This article provides reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

To screen for suitable planting densities for maize in the Central Shandong region, the density tolerant variety Huangjinliang MY73 was selected as the test material. Three planting densities of 6 000, 6 500 and 7 000 plants/667 m² were set up to study the effects of planting density on maize yield, yield components, agronomic traits, and grain filling rate. The results showed that this variety had the highest grain yield of 851.51 kg/667 m², the plant height, spike height, and center of gravity height were relatively low, at 192.00, 75.83, and 83.50 cm, respectively under the condition of 6 500 plants/667 m². The third to last internode of the stem was shorter, which could reduce the risk of lodging. The grain filling process of maize populations exhibit a growth pattern of slow onset rapid growth gradually slowing down, following an “S” - shaped curve; the grain filling characteristic showed a single peak curve trend, the grain filling characteristic of each treatment reached their peak around 14 days after silk emergence; maize treated with 6 500 plants/667 m² had a longer duration of active filling stage. Overall, increasing the planting density of compact maize varieties appropriately can fully unleash their potential for increased yield; the suitable planting density for the density tolerant variety Huangjinliang MY73 is 6 500 plants/667 m².

Peppermint is an important medicinal and economic crop with high value-added potential in deep processing. Menthol, its primary volatile component, possesses various biological activities. The research progress of menthol on the pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutics and toxicology were reviewed based on relevant literature. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) of menthol is relatively low, and the mean residence time (MRT) and elimination half-life (T_1/2) are short, indicating that it is metabolized rapidly in the body. In terms of pharmacodynamics, it exerts antibacterial effects by influencing the contents of phosphatidylcholine and other components in bacterial cell membranes; it has certain antiviral effects and enhances the immune system; it influences the formation of fungal biofilms and has good inhibitory effects on fungi such as Trichophyton and Microsporum canis; it reduces the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in cells and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), exerting anti-inflammatory effects; it promotes apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits their proliferation and migration; it exerts analgesic effects by regulating calcium (Ca²⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) channels in nerve cells; and it has other pharmacological activities including antiparasitic, antioxidant and neuroregulatory effects. In pharmaceutics, menthol, as an efficient penetration enhancer, enhances the transport capacity of the blood-brain barrier, lymphatic permeability, intestinal epithelial barrier and skin permeability barrier by down-regulating the levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-5). In toxicology, the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of this substance in rats and mice is higher than 4 000 mg/kg, indicating high safety; however, long term excessive use may cause adverse reactions such as reducing the tension of the esophageal, esophageal and gastric sphincters. This article provides a reference for the further promotion and application of menthol.

This paper systematically sorted out the application status, development trends, and exploration directions of smart livestock and poultry technology in representative categories such as chickens, pigs, and cattle, identified existing problems, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. Smart livestock and poultry technology had achieved large-scale application in multiple fields: environmental regulation technology could optimize the breeding environment in real time and handle abnormalities; information collection technology realized the monitoring of livestock and poultry status and accurate identification through sensors, visual recognition, deep learning, and other means; precision feeding technology achieved the whole-process optimization of intelligent feed proportioning, feeding, and consumption monitoring; and breeding management platforms integrated general and personalized functions such as environmental monitoring, remote regulation, and production traceability. At the level of development and exploration, smart breeding, through the in-depth integration of information technology and breeding work, shortened the breeding cycle and improved enterprise benefits; intelligent breeding large models were initially built and accelerated breed improvement. Livestock and poultry live asset loans used information technology to realize the confirmation of rights and data verification of live livestock and poultry assets, which solved the financing problems of breeding enterprises to a certain extent. Currently, the development of smart livestock and poultry was faced with problems such as insufficient accuracy of individual identification, unbalanced digital development, lack of standards, poor platform data sharing, and insufficient breeding models. In response, this paper put forward suggestions such as improving identification accuracy, formulating unified standards, promoting platform sharing, and advancing the development and application of breeding models. With the continuous advancement of technology and changes in breeding needs, the application of information technology in livestock and poultry breeding would become more extensive and in-depth. This paper provides a reference for promoting the high quality and efficient development of the livestock and poultry industry.

The current situation and underlying causes of the veterinary licensing examination in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed, based on examination data, and proposes targeted development recommendations. From 2010 to 2024, the number of online applicants for the veterinary licensing examination in the study region climbed to 25 223, demonstrating a marked growth trend. The gender ratio of examinees decreased substantially from 5.96 in 2010 to 1.09 in 2024, indicating a gradual trend toward balance. The number of participants holding a master’s degree increased by 125%, reflecting a notable rise in the overall educational level. A marked increase in student participants and a diversification of their professional backgrounds were also observed. These changes were primarily attributed to the expansion of the breeding industry, growing pressure for disease prevention and control, the rapid growth of the pet healthcare market, evolving industry and market demands, and enhanced linkages between education and practice. Based on these findings, recommendations were proposed including strengthening examination services and resource support by optimizing the distribution of test centers, establishing stable examination bases, and implementing a “pre-payment+post-examination refund” mechanism; deepening the integration of continuing education and career development by establishing a tiered and classified continuing education system, innovating educational models and resource integration, and strengthening supervision and effect evaluation; promoting the precise alignment of talent cultivation with industrial needs by refining university curricula, expanding practice scopes, and enhancing talent guidance. This study aims to provide insights for promoting the professionalization and standardization of the veterinary industry.

This article systematically expounded the prospects of developing the Camellia oleifera planting industry from 3 aspects: economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. It introduced its biological characteristics from aspects such as botanical features, ecological habits, growth and development characteristics, reproductive ability and adaptability. On this basis, it further summarized the key points of Camellia oleifera cultivation and management techniques and conducts an in-depth analysis of its economic benefits. Tea oil had multiple uses such as food, cosmetics and medicine. The cultivation of Camellia oleifera could increase vegetation coverage and improve local climate. The related industry also promoted the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and employment of rural labor force. This plant was an evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family. It preferred warm and humid environments, enjoyed sunlight, and had strong adaptability and stress resistance. It was widely planted in southern regions and was mainly used for extracting tea oil. The key points of cultivation and management techniques for Camellia oleifera mainly included selecting an area where the climate conditions were suitable for the growth of this plant, scientific land preparation, and selecting high quality varieties with strong disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability. The propagation of Camellia oleifera mainly included seed propagation, cutting propagation, grafting propagation, etc. Single or double row planting was adopted, with a planting density of 80 to 120 plants /667 m². The trees, shrubs, and other plants in the Camellia oleifera forest were regularly removed. The seedlings were watered moderately. Drainage was ensured during the rainy season, and organic fertilizers were applied scientifically. During the young tree stage, mainly shape the trees. During the fruiting period, prune diseased and pest-infested branches, overly dense branches and overgrown branches. Comprehensive control methods should be adopted, including agricultural control (such as removing diseased branches and leaves), biological control (such as releasing natural enemy species of pests), and chemical control. Economic benefit analysis indicated that, the initial investment for Camellia oleifera cultivation was between 1 000 and 2 000 yuan/667 m², the annual management cost was between 1 000 and 1 500 yuan/667 m², and the annual income was between 3 400 and 11 200 yuan/667 m². After deducting the costs, the annual net income was between 1 400 and 8 700 yuan/667 m², demonstrating significant economic benefits. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of the Camellia oleifera industry.

This article summarized the ecological cultivation techniques for blueberry whole industry chain from aspects such as site selection, soil improvement, variety selection, cultivation, and field management. Considering factors such as sunlight, soil and terrain conditions, priority is given to choosing sunny hillsides or open plains with sufficient sunlight. The soil pH should be between 4.0 and 5.0, and the terrain must be flat and have good drainage. Sulfur powder is applied to adjust the soil pH, and organic materials such as decomposed farmyard manure and peat soil are used to increase the organic matter content of the soil. In cold northern regions, dwarf or semi-highbush blueberry varieties can be chosen; in warm and humid southern regions, southern highbush or rabbiteye blueberry varieties can be planted. The best time for planting blueberries is from December to January of the following year. Pollen trees should be planted in a ratio of 3∶1 or 4∶1 according to the main cultivar and pollinator cultivar. Strengthen field management, apply organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizer, and perform reasonable pruning. Adopt agricultural control measures (preferably using disease-resistant varieties, timely removing diseased and dead plants, etc.), physical control (such as insect traps)and biological control (predatory insects, biological preparations, etc.) measures for green control of diseases and pests. Implement precise harvesting and cold chain transportation. This article provides a reference for the green ecological cultivation of blueberries and the sustainable development of the blueberry industry.

This paper combines the production practices of the rice-crayfish symbiotic farming model in the Ma’anshan region of Anhui Province, the technical requirements for paddy fields, the key techniques for rice cultivation and crayfish farming under this model were analyzed, as well as its advantages and future research trends. For this model, it was advisable to select field plots of 3–5 hm², with ridge widths no less than 1.5 m and heights of 60–80 cm. Additionally, the inner slopes of the fields should be protected with polyethylene mesh fabric with a mesh size of 5 mm.The key techniques for rice cultivation included selecting varieties with plant heights above 1.1 m, strong lodging resistance, and good disease resistance (such as Wangliangyou 018, Weiliangyou 8612, and Qiaoliangyou 17), using the “day-soaking and night-draining” method for seed soaking, and employing rice-specific germination boxes for constant-temperature sprouting. The suitable sowing period in the study area is March 15–20. Greenhouse seedling cultivation mainly adopts dry management and sprinkler irrigation, with daytime temperatures maintained at 25–30 °C. Water control and seedling hardening were implemented 5–7 days before transplanting, while the main field was rotary-tilled in advance. Mechanical transplanting is adopted, ensuring sufficient basic seedlings with a planting density of 30 cm × 17 cm and 12 000–15 000 holes/667 m². The first harvest of rice should be completed before August 20, while the ratoon rice harvest period falls between late October and early November.The key techniques for crayfish farming included stocking fry in two batches (the first from March 20 to April 20 and the second before the end of May), with a total stocking density of 7 000 individuals/667 m². On the day of release, high quality juvenile feed with a protein content of 36% and a particle size of 1.1 mm should be evenly distributed. After release, fermented yeast-based EM bacteria should be applied every 5–7 days for water quality regulation. During the harvesting period (from May to late October), a “capture the large and retain the small” approach is adopted for flexible harvesting. This model achieves “one planting with two harvests” for rice, improving its yield, while also enhancing the unit yield and size of crayfish. The harvesting period is significantly extended, leading to notable economic benefits. Future research should further investigate the effects of rice planting density and crayfish stocking density on rice yield and farming efficiency under this model.

Based on the occurrence and damage of the main rice diseases and insect pests, the comprehensive control technologies, including agricultural, biological, physical and chemical prevention and control were discussed. The primary diseases included rice blast (which infected leaves, nodes, and panicles), sheath blight (which infected basal leaf sheaths), and false smut (a panicle disease). The major pests included rice planthopper (which sucked sap), the rice leaf roller (which damaged leaves by rolling), and rice stem borers (which bored into stems). The integrated control was centered on the ecosystem and combined agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical technologies. Agricultural control involved selecting resistant varieties and implementing scientific field management; biological control generally utilized natural enemies and integrated crop-aquaculture systems; physical control often employed measures such as trapping and barrier methods; chemical control was focused on reducing application quantities and increasing efficiency by selecting low-toxicity agents. By comprehensively applying these control technologies, precise prediction and green management were achieved, which protected rice yield and quality and promoted sustainable agricultural development.

The current application of technologies in grain storage were reviewed, and a grain storage system architecture based on digital twin technology and blockchain was introduced. Current grain storage technologies were evolving toward intelligent and green development. IoT sensors enable real-time collection of multi-dimensional information such as temperature, humidity, pests, and gas concentrations. Wireless technologies like NB-IoT, LoRa, and 5G ensure efficient data transmission, while cloud platforms and AI algorithms support intelligent analysis and early warning. The grain monitoring system based on digital twin technology and blockchain is a grain condition monitoring system. This system collects and transmits grain storage environmental data in real time through the perception and transmission layers. The model layer constructs a virtual representation of the physical grain storage, enabling grain condition prediction and optimized control through multi-source data fusion and simulation. The application layer utilizes AI and big data for analysis and decision-making, and introduces blockchain technology to record the entire data process, ensuring transparency and traceability of information. Its widespread application is currently constrained by multidimensional factors such as technology, cost, collaboration, and system. The next step is to gradually build a new intelligent grain storage system through technological iteration, ecological co construction, and other means.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m² for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m² for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

Bifenthrin·clothianidin is a new type of compound insecticide that can be used to control more than 20 pests such as Helicoverpa armigera. This study explores the properties, composition, action mechanism, and application effects of this suspension concentrate, as well as its application technologies and practices in the agricultural field, and prospects for future research. The suspension concentrate is formulated by combining two active ingredients, bifenthrin and clothianidin, with dual characteristics of rapid insecticidal activity and long-term protection. Its action mechanism includes contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, and systemic translocation: it can penetrate into the insect body either by directly contacting the insect surface (dissolving the waxy layer on the exoskeleton or through microscopic pores), enter via the insect’s mouthparts and digestive tract, or indirectly infiltrate the insect body when the pest engages in piercing-sucking feeding on plant stems and leaves treated with the insecticide, ultimately leading to insect death by poisoning. In terms of application effects, this insecticide offers advantages such as a broad insecticidal spectrum, quick-acting and long-lasting efficacy, low toxicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. It also exhibits excellent environmental and ecological safety: it is safe for crop growth, compatible with other chemical agents, has minimal impacts on aquatic organisms and beneficial organisms, and can degrade into harmless substances in soil over time. Previously, this insecticide has been used to control pests such as aphids, cutworms, thrips, and pear psylla on various crops including food crops, fruits, and vegetables, and can be applied through methods such as spraying, drip irrigation, and drenching. In the future, efforts will be made to further optimize its formulation, develop more efficient and stable dosage forms, and conduct research on environmental friendliness and precise application technologies. In summary, bifenthrin·clothianidin suspension concentrate can reduce the application rate of chemical pesticides, delay the development of pest resistance, and extend the service life of pesticides, thereby boasting broad application prospects.

This study systematically explores the importance, principles, specific methods, and supporting precautions of pruning techniques for ornamental peonies. The pruning of ornamental peonies must follow 4 core principles: balanced growth coordination, ventilation and light penetration, disease and pest prevention, and aesthetic shaping. Pruning is mainly carried out in spring and autumn. In spring, it is conducted before flower bud germination, with core operations including cutting off suckers, thinning flowers and buds, and removing withered flowers. In autumn, it is implemented after leaf fall, focusing on operations such as stub cutting, main branch determination, selection and retention of flowering branches, and removal of diseased, weak branches and abnormal buds. Based on this, this paper proposes a coordinated pruning model consisting of the “three cuttings and one determination” in spring (cutting suckers, thinning flower buds, removing withered flowers, and determining main branches) and the “three removals and two cuttings” in autumn (clearing diseased and weak branches, clearing crossing branches, clearing abnormal buds, cutting unlignified shoots, and cutting redundant flowering branches). Additionally, key supporting management points are clarified, including tool selection and disinfection, water and fertilizer management after pruning, and regular plant monitoring and maintenance. This technical system can provide technical support for the standardized shaping of ornamental peony plant type, precise regulation of flowering period, and sustainable cultivation management, and has important practical value for improving landscape effects and extending the peony industry chain.

The biological mechanisms underlying the invasion and spread of Solidago canadensis were elaborated, along with control strategies and advances in comprehensive utilization. Its invasive spread was attributed to several biological mechanisms, including the formation of polyploid complexes, combination of sexual and asexual reproduction, production of allelochemicals, and synergistic interactions with microorganisms. Integrated management of this invasive plant should be implemented based on its life history and invasion characteristics, combining agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods for comprehensive control. Agricultural control was implemented through tillage, crop rotation, plastic film mulching, and planting competitive species to suppress its growth. Bio-ecological management was carried out by introducing natural enemies or replacement plants to restore ecological diversity. Physical removal (manual uprooting, mechanical excavation) was preferably conducted during the mid-to-late growth stages, with careful attention paid to rhizome treatment to prevent regrowth. Chemical eradication was achieved using herbicides such as glyphosate, applied according to habitat-specific needs to avoid resistance development. Management was implemented in phases with multi-measure coordination, emphasizing ecological safety and sustained control. Regarding comprehensive utilization, the plant was found to be rich in active components (diterpenes, triterpenes) with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, indicating high potential for pharmaceutical development. Its high crude protein and fiber content made it suitable as quality green forage or silage for ruminants like cattle and sheep. The high fiber content also rendered it an ideal raw material for papermaking and fiberboard production, as well as for conversion into biomass energy. Through comprehensive utilization such as materialization, feed production, and substrate application, its invasive impact could be mitigated, achieving both economic and ecological benefits. At present, challenges remain in the control and utilization of this invasive plant, including accelerated spread due to human activities, high costs of existing control technologies, and technical bottlenecks in resource utilization. In the future, an integrated management system combining scientific, policy, and social efforts needs to be established. This article provides a reference for the control and resource utilization of Solidago canadensis.

The research progress in rice germplasm innovation, variety breeding, and breeding technology development in Anhui Province since 1949 has been reviewed, and the future research directions in rice breeding have been prospected. In terms of germplasm innovation and variety breeding, Anhui rice germplasm (variety) innovation has gone through the stages of introducing and systematically selecting agricultural varieties and dwarf varieties, as well as selecting three-line sterile lines and two-line sterile lines; as of 2024, there were 1 539 self bred rice varieties in the research area, including three-line hybrid rice varieties such as 80 You 121, Xieyou 57, and Quanyou 822, two-line hybrid rice combinations such as Xingliangyou No.6 and Wandao 153, conventional rice varieties such as Huixiangruan No.1 and Huixiangjing 977, as well as strong drought resistant varieties such as Lyuhan No.1 and Lyuhanliangyou 21. In terms of breeding technology, mutagenesis technology has the characteristics of high mutation rate and light biological damage, enriched breeding resources; molecular marker assisted breeding technology can accurately select and efficiently recombine for the gene, improving the success rate of breeding; gene editing technology can precisely modify target genes according to specific breeding needs, further improving the precision and efficiency of breeding. The next step will focus on cultivating new varieties of green, high quality, high yielding, and multi resistant rice to meet diversified market demands.

The research progress on Capsicum annuum germplasm resources, including 6 aspects: collection, sorting and evaluation, resistance identification, quality research, phenotypic traits, preservation techniques, and development and utilization were reviewed. In terms of the collection, sorting and evaluation of Capsicum annuum germplasm resources, it is mainly collected collaboratively by units such as the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. More than 2 000 germplasm materials have been stored in the database, and a preliminary evaluation has been conducted on its key horticultural traits, economic characteristics and disease resistance. In terms of resistance identification, methods such as root irrigation with zoospores, inoculation of isolated fruits, and field resistance assessment are the basic means for resistance identification of Capsicum annuum， which are conducive to obtaining resistance materials. In terms of quality research, through the detection of Capsicum annuum fruit components, the main agronomic traits and the correlation analysis among them, the precise and targeted improvement of quality traits is achieved. In terms of phenotypic traits, the phenotypic characteristics of Capsicum annuum show high diversity and variability in germplasm resources. In terms of preservation technology, the preservation method combining a dryer with silica gel and plastic bags is suitable for short-term preservation. By using low-temperature refrigeration facilities and dehumidification equipment, better medium and long-term preservation effects can be achieved. In terms of development and utilization, Capsicum annuum is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries through various utilization methods such as fresh consumption, drying, condiment processing, pickling and processing extraction. This article provides a reference for the creation of Capsicum annuum germplasm resources and the breeding of characteristic varieties.

The myostatin gene MSTN, a crucial regulator of muscle development, holds significant research value and application potential in livestock production. This article reviewed the research progress on the mechanism of action of the MSTN gene, its role in livestock and poultry growth, and its application in livestock and poultry breeding improvement. MSTN inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, thereby reducing muscle growth rate and meat yield. Its regulatory process involves multiple coordinated signaling pathways, such as modulating the expression of factors like Myf5, MyoD, and CDK2, and interacting with molecules including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). During animal growth, MSTN regulates skeletal muscle development by suppressing both the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of muscle fibers, and it can also influence fatty acid metabolism by altering mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Regarding breeding applications, key SNPs have been identified within the MSTN gene in cattle, goats, pigs, and other livestock. These SNPs can serve as molecular markers for meat traits, facilitating efficient breeding programs. Utilizing individuals with MSTN mutations through crossbreeding strategies (e.g., two-way or three-way crosses) alongside precise feeding management enables the development of superior breeds with excellent characteristics. Furthermore, modern gene-editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied to the MSTN gene to promote muscle growth, improve meat quality, and create new livestock lines. This review provides a reference for the application of the MSTN gene in livestock and poultry genetic breeding.

To explore approaches for improving irrigation efficiency and conserving water resources through intelligent technologies, thereby promoting the modernization of farmland water conservancy, the definition of this system was introduced, and its application practice of intelligent management system in agricultural water conservancy from the aspects of irrigation system, data detection, etc was analyzed. This system was a new type of management system based on modern information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing. The system was integrated with the irrigation system to automatically adjust the irrigation amount, achieving precise irrigation and efficient management. Through real-time data monitoring and analysis, farmland irrigation demands were predicted, and scientific and rational irrigation plans were formulated to reduce water waste. Intelligent control improved the operational efficiency and reliability of the irrigation system. The construction of smart irrigation districts enabled efficient allocation and intelligent regulation of water resources, enhancing the modernization level of farmland water conservancy. This study provides a reference for the development of intelligent management system in agricultural water conservancy irrigation smart agriculture.

The application principles of the concept of nature education in the design of children’s parks were analyzed, taking the children’s park in Urumqi as the research object, and the strategies for creating its nature education space were explored. The design principles of children’s parks based on the concept of nature education mainly include creating a natural exploration environment suitable for arid climates and strengthening terrain design and plant configuration. Highlight the content of ecological education and build a systematic environmental interpretation system; design multi-level interactive natural experience facilities to meet the development needs of children of different age groups; emphasize the organic integration of regional culture and nature education, highlighting regional characteristics. The landscape design of the research area adopts a natural curve form, dividing it into the entrance comprehensive leisure area, the dynamic science popularization park area, the five-sense experience area, the waterfront science popularization experience area, the dense forest adventure area and the agricultural activity experience area. In terms of plant configuration, evergreen plants are taken as the base, and deciduous trees and flowering shrubs are appropriately added to enrich the seasonal changes. The design of ecosystem science popularization facilities should take into account the inheritance of regional culture, ecological friendliness and children’s adaptability, and transform local traditional patterns, folk tales and other cultural symbols into interactive features of science popularization facilities. Combine the spatial layout design of the children’s park to create a variety of interpretation media. This article provides a reference for promoting the innovative development of children’s park design.

The virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips is able to restore variety characteristics and improve potato yield and quality, making it one of the key biotechnologies in seed potato production. The entire process of virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips was systematically elaborated, and its common problems along with control strategies were summarized. The technical procedure involved pretreatment of explants, shoot tip dissection, primary culture of plantlets, virus detection, and in vitro propagation of plantlets. During the primary culture stage, the explants were sterilized and pretreated, and then cultured in a specific medium to induce the differentiation of apical meristems into plantlets. The obtained primary plantlets were subjected to virus detection using serological and molecular biological methods. After confirming the absence of viruses, the plantlets were transferred to propagation and strengthening media for multiplication. 3 major issues encountered during the tissue culture process were contamination, vitrification, and browning. Contamination, caused by bacteria, fungi, or endophytes, was prevented through strict aseptic techniques, environmental sterilization, and the addition of antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents to the culture medium. Vitrified plantlets, characterized by a translucent and fragile appearance, were primarily induced by unsuitable culture conditions or excessive subculturing, and could be mitigated by adjusting light and temperature conditions, regulating hormone concentrations, and incorporating dark culture periods. Browning, a phenomenon where wounded explants secreted brown substances leading to death, was commonly suppressed by adding anti-browning agents such as sodium thiosulfate. This article provides a reference for the production of virus-free seed potatoes

To compare the variety characteristics of 12 sweet maizes such as Jintianshun 100, Huitian 138, and Zhenzhenbang 6, a random block design was adopted to determine their agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle length and other panicle traits, as well as panicle weight and other yield traits. Correlation analysis among these traits was also conducted. The results showed that there were significant differences in traits such as plant height, ear position height, ear length and ear thickness of the tested varieties. Among them, the plant height of maize ranged from 206.2 to 325.6 cm, the ear position height ranged from 66.0 to 180.4 cm, the empty stalk rate ranged from 0 to 12.8%, and the double ear rate ranged from 1.6% to 22.4%. The length of the panicle ranges from 20.50 to 23.46 cm, the diameter of the panicle was from 20.40 to 23.67 cm, the length of the balding tip was from 0.66 to 2.88 cm, the number of rows of the panicle was from 13.2 to 20.4, and the number of grains in each row is from 38.3 to 48.8. The panicle weight ranged from 266.80 to 368.65 g, the weight per hundred grains ranged from 31.85 to 47.76 g, the yield ranged from 8 979.48 to 14 391.56 kg/hm², and the seed yield ranged from 56.42% to 87.00%. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between the length and thickness of sweet maize ears, the number of rows and the position of the ears, the plant height and the height of the ears, the thickness of the ears and the yield, the number of rows and the plant height, and the weight of the ears and the yield. Overall, the agronomic traits of Zhenzhenbang No. 6 are generally good, and the yield of Jinguang 597 was the highest. This article provides a reference for the breeding of high yield sweet corn varieties.

The research progress related to the regulation of stomatal development and movement by light was summarized. Stomata, as an important channel for the exchange of gas and water between plants and the external environment, their development and movement are regulated by various environmental factors and play a significant role in the photosynthesis of plants. Stomatal development is regulated in a coordinated manner by internal and external environmental signals of plants. There are two hypotheses for the study of stomata’s response to light: one is the direct response of stomata to light, and the other is the indirect stomatal response caused by changes in intercellular CO₂ concentration. There are two pathways for the open response of stomata to light: the guard cell-specific blue light response pathway mediated by PHOT1/PHOT2 and the red light response pathway dependent on photosynthesis. Blue light participates in signal transduction through receptors such as PHOT1 and PHOT2, triggering K⁺ ion influx and promoting stomatal opening. Red light mainly participates in stomatal response through mesophyll photosynthesis. The red light response of stomata is an indirect reaction, which is caused by the response of guard cells to the reduction of intercellular CO₂ concentration resulting from mesophyll photosynthesis. In addition, green light can inhibit the opening of stomata induced by blue light, and plant hormones can directly regulate the movement of stomata and their response to external signals.

Andrias davidianus as an amphibian, possesses values such as food and medicinal uses. Its breeding and cultivation techniques based on practical production practices in the Huainan area of Anhui Province, covering site selection, farming facility construction, artificial propagation, artificial cultivation, and disease prevention and control were summarized. Andrias davidianus prefer shade and dislike light, favor quiet environments, and are sensitive to disturbances; the site should be secluded with ample feed resources. Breeding ponds should be constructed in shaded and ventilated underground rooms, divided into larval ponds, juvenile ponds, adult ponds, broodstock ponds, spawning ponds, and hatching ponds. Supporting facilities such as sedimentation ponds, filtration ponds, purification ponds should also be built. For artificial propagation, broodstock should be healthy, free of injuries or diseases, and weigh at least 2 kg. In broodstock ponds, a female-to-male ratio of 3∶2 is recommended for mixed breeding or separate rearing, with a stocking density of 1 individual/m². Breeding is divided into spring cultivation (April–May), pre-spawning cultivation (June–July), and autumn cultivation (August–September). The optimal time for induced spawning is August–September, with water temperature controlled at 16–23 °C. A flow-through method is used for incubation, with a flow rate of 2 m³/h, dissolved oxygen concentration >3 mg/L, and avoidance of light exposure.Artificial cultivation is divided into three stages: larval, juvenile, and adult. The larval stage requires strict control of water temperature (10–23°C), stocking density (30–50 individuals/m²), and thorough disinfection. Juvenile cultivation emphasizes graded management (6–10 individuals/m²) and“four fixed”feeding principles (fixed time, location, quality, and quantity). For adults, feeding rates (0.3%–10%) are precisely adjusted based on water temperature.Disease prevention follows a proactive approach. For parasitic diseases (trichodinosis), formalin baths are used; bacterial diseases (furunculosis, enteritis) are treated with povidone-iodine disinfection and antibiotics; fungal infections (saprolegniasis) are managed with salt baths and metalaxyl application. This study provides a reference for the healthy cultivation of Andrias davidianus.

The research progress on the responses of plant leaf functional traits to environmental factors such as climatic factors (light, temperature, humidity), soil factors, and topographic factors (altitude, slope direction, slope position, and slope) was reviewed. In terms of climatic factors, different light conditions can lead to significant differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf lifespan, specific leaf area, and leaf size among plants. The relationship between leaf functional traits and temperature varies among different forest stands. The water transport capacity and hydraulic structure characteristics of leaves affect the water use efficiency, growth, competition and distribution of plants. Factors such as precipitation and soil humidity content can lead to diverse differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf size, specific leaf area and vein density among different plants. In terms of soil factors, the responses of plant leaf functional traits to different soil factors are different. In terms of topographic factors, the response mechanism of leaf functional traits to altitude is different in different developmental stages of different plants. The slope direction forms a local environmental gradient by regulating factors such as light and temperature, resulting in differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf area and specific leaf area among different plants. The utilization strategies of plant resources on different slopes are different, and there are differences in the performance trends of leaf functional traits such as leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area among different plants on different slopes. The functional traits of plant leaves vary with different slopes. This article provides a reference for clarifying the response mechanism of plant leaf functional traits to the environment.

7 plant growth regulators (0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP 75.0 g/hm², 0.1% triacontanol ME 1 000 mL/hm², 0.4% kinetin AS 937.5 mL/hm², 0.000 4% enadenine·oxyenadenine SP 750 mL/hm², 4% gibberellic acid SL 500 mL/hm², 0.007 5% 14-hydroxybrassinolide AS 150 mL/hm², 2% potassium nitrophenolate AS 150 mL/hm²) were used for spray treatment at the initial stage of tea bud germination and single bud stage, respectively, with spraying water as the control (CK). The effects of tea on the growth, yield, safety and appearance quality of tea were analyzed. The results showed that the 7 plant growth regulators tested could increase germination density and had a significant regulatory effect on the germination and growth of tea buds. After the second spray, the fresh tea yield increased by 12.77% to 47.35% compared to the CK, among them, the treatment with 0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP at 75.0 g/hm² showed a significant increase in tea yield. 7 plant growth regulators were found to be safe for tea plant growth, improving product appearance and quality (increased bud production, tender leaves, uniform color, thickness, and size of tea shoots and leaves), while posing no harm to beneficial arthropods such as spiders. This article provides a reference for selecting suitable plant growth regulators to promote tea growth.

Low temperature is one of the major environmental stress factors affecting plants, exerting significant influence on photosynthetic capacity and thereby hindering plant growth and development. The impact of low temperature stress on the photosynthetic mechanisms in plant leaves was summarized, focusing on changes in cellular anatomical structure, cell membrane permeability, osmoregulatory substances, and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In terms of cellular anatomical structure, low temperature stress may disrupt the palisade/spongy tissue ratio in mesophyll cells and damage chloroplast ultrastructure. Regarding cell membrane permeability, low temperature stress induces electrolyte leakage, along with the accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation. Plants counteract this by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) to maintain ROS homeostasis. Concerning osmoregulatory substances, low temperature stress triggers the dynamic accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, and proteins to sustain photosynthetic performance. In photosynthetic carbon assimilation, low temperature stress reduces chlorophyll content and the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), altering key photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) compensates for the decline in Rubisco activity by fixing low-concentration CO₂, thereby mitigating photosynthetic losses. In conclusion, this article provides a reference for analyzing the mechanism of plants’ response to low temperatures and improving the photosynthetic performance of plant leaves under low temperature stress conditions.

The current situation of the development of the fruit industry in Guizhou was analyzed, the existing problems in the current industrial development were investigated, and targeted development countermeasures were proposed. The study area had a favorable ecological environment and unique natural resource advantages. The large scale development of dominant tree species in advantageous regions, forming a number of local characteristic advantageous industries, such as Majiang blueberries, Zhenning honey plums, Weining Plateau apples, etc. Industrial standards and group standards have been formulated, and enterprises had been organized to participate in exhibitions, sales, and promotional activities. However, its fruit industry still needs further improvement in aspects such as seedling guarantee, technological support, the degree of production organization, and commercial processing capacity, it is necessary to enhance the innovation and utilization of germplasm resources, strengthen technological and talent support, increase the introduction and cultivation of main bodies, improve the post-harvest processing level of fruits, and strengthen brand creation and risk early warning and prevention, so as to promote the modernization of the fruit industry.

Maize intercropping mode was recognized as an important technical measure to address arable land constraints and enhance the land utilization. The regulatory effects of maize intercropping with other crops including soybean on farmland ecology and agricultural production were summarized, and key considerations for intercropping were analyzed. Through spatiotemporal niche complementarity to enhance land use efficiency. The structure of soil microbial communities was improved (increased bacterial diversity and regulated fungal communities), thereby strengthening soil fertility and ecological functions. The tall maize stalks provided natural shading for shade-preferring crops (Polygonatum sibiricum, Amorphophallus konjac), regulating micro environmental humidity and light conditions. Nutrient accumulation in crops was promoted (increased crude protein in soybeans, enhanced heavy metal enrichment in Sedum alfredii), leading to improved quality. Suitable crop varieties were selected based on their characteristics, and field management was optimized, including rational planting density (adjusting row spacing to reduce shading effects), improved water and fertilizer management, and pest control (utilizing crop interactions to suppress pests). This study provided a reference for promoting the application of maize intercropping with other crops.

The genetic characteristics and types of rice dwarfism were systematically analyzed, the role of plant hormones was examined in this process, the ideal plant architecture for dwarf breeding was discussed, and prospects for future research directions were provided. Rice plant height determined jointly by the number and length of internodes, was identified as a key trait affecting lodging resistance and yield. Dwarfing mutants in rice types were diverse and could be classified inter-node shortening mode into categories such as d6-type and dm-type. Currently, plant height was categorized into tall, semi-dwarf, and dwarf based on height, though the distinction between semi-dwarf and dwarf remained to be clarified, reflecting the complexity of the underlying genetic mechanisms. Dwarfism was primarily associated with deficiencies in the metabolism or signal transduction of 3 types of hormones: gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and strigolactone (SL). Among these, GA and BR were directly involved in regulating internode elongation, and mutations in their related genes led to dwarfism. In contrast, SL synthetic gene mutations resulted in dwarfism along with increased tillering. A total of 36 major dwarf genes (sd1, d18, and etc.) had been cloned, providing important genetic resources for lodging-resistant breeding. The development of rice varieties with high lodging resistance, yield potential, and suitability for mechanized production had become a major objective in modern breeding. Progress in rice dwarf breeding was expected to be effectively advanced through in-depth research on the gene function, genetic diversity, and key gene networks of rice dwarfing mutants, combined with modern technologies such as gene editing and phenomics. This review provides a reference for the selection and improvement of rice varieties.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has a negative impact on the sustainable and healthy development of the pig industry. Developing regional purification is an effective way to control PRRS. This article systematically discusses the characteristics of PRRSV, the current status of PRRS prevention and control, and the research progress of PRRS purification. PRRSV is an enveloped spherical single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with strong mutation and recombination ability, diverse and complex genetic background, and both antibody-dependent enhancement and persistent infection characteristics, making its comprehensive prevention and control difficult. Currently, common prevention and control measures include vaccination and drug treatment. Inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and new vaccines (subunit vaccines, nucleic acid/mRNA vaccines, etc.) can all effectively reduce the risk of PRRSV infection. Natural compounds such as dicoumarol and morin C, as well as Chinese herbal extracts such as Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharides and Isatis indigotica polysaccharides, all have anti-PRRSV effects. Implementing regional purification of PRRS is an important means to control PRRSV. Currently, most pig farms are actively exploring the establishment of PRRS purification models for large-scale farms, and the number of successfully purified PRRS farms is increasing year by year. PRRS regional purification includes improving the biosecurity system through measures such as physical isolation, personnel control, material disinfection, and harmless treatment; selecting appropriate purification strategies such as thorough depopulation and repopulation, testing and culling, and closed purification, while also supplemented by regular and continuous testing to ensure and consolidate the purification results. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control and purification of PRRS.

To promote sustainable agricultural development, the efficient water-saving irrigation technologies and their advantages were briefly introduced, the application of water-saving irrigation technologies was analyzed such as water conveyance, irrigation, and intelligent irrigation in agricultural water conservancy projects, and the targeted promotion strategies were proposed. Efficient water-saving irrigation technologies include drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro irrigation, as well as water and fertilizer integration, and other intelligent irrigation technologies, which can provide precise, timed, and quantitative irrigation based on the actual water demand and soil conditions of crops. In terms of application in agricultural water conservancy projects, water-saving irrigation technologies such as pipeline water supply and anti-seepage channel water supply can reduce water leakage and evaporation during the transportation process. Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technologies can transport water to crops through local irrigation and other methods, which have advantages such as water conservation and yield increase; the intelligent irrigation system effectively improves the water-saving effect by real-time collection and processing of soil moisture and other information, and implementing intelligent management. The promotion strategy includes strengthening the unified planning of water-saving irrigation projects, increasing the acceptance and participation of growers; differentiated selection of suitable water-saving irrigation methods and provision of supporting operational training services; Apply water and fertilizer integrated intelligent irrigation system to provide personalized irrigation solutions. This article provides references for achieving efficient utilization of water resources and promoting the promotion of efficient water-saving irrigation technology in agricultural water conservancy projects.

Under the background of comprehensive rural revitalization, the protection of material and intangible cultural landscapes of some traditional villages is facing challenges. Conducting research on their landscape planning and design is of great significance for improving village landscapes, inheriting regional culture, and promoting sustainable development. From the perspective of village gardens, this paper elaborates on the connotations and research status of traditional village landscapes and village gardens. Based on the ecological concepts of harmonizing with nature, the profound cultural heritage, and the publicity and practicality, the landscape planning and design strategies for traditional villages are proposed: integrating landscape elements with natural ecology as the starting point to create aesthetic appeal; achieving “authentic design” of villages through the excavation of regional culture and digital technology display; and developing agricultural, cultural, and tourism industries through multi-party collaboration while constructing guarantee mechanisms. Taking Hou Shangzhuang Village in Luoyang City, Henan Province as an empirical object, the strategies were implemented from three aspects: ecological concepts (application of traditional landscaping techniques such as the axis method, hierarchy method, and view borrowing); cultural demonstration (planning of three zones and four gardens, and multi-cultural display); and function enhancement (construction of agricultural-culture-tourism industrial chains and long-term maintenance mechanisms). This study provides references for contemporary traditional village landscape planning and village garden research.

Pennisetum giganteum is a natural, green, and high yield forage with rich nutritional value, good palatability, and high biomass. This article reviews the composition of Pennisetum giganteum and its advantages, challenges, and countermeasures as an earthworm bait. Pennisetum giganteum contains abundant protein, minerals (such as calcium and iron), and functional components like β-glucans and pectin. Its advantages as an earthworm bait include high productivity and nutritional value, providing a continuous organic matter supply; strong tillering ability and well-developed root systems that enhance soil nutrient cycling and create a favorable habitat for earthworms; and its perennial growth cycle (5–15 years) and low-cost organic matter production (approximately 0.17 yuan/kg), which improve economic efficiency. However, challenges such as slow biodegradation, variability in crude protein and other nutrients, and potential soil structure alterations (compaction or reduced porosity) must be addressed. To overcome these limitations, strategies such as microbial degradation, optimal harvesting timing; intercropping with high-protein forage, developing composite baitand; strengthening scientific research to accelerate decomposition and enhance utilization efficiency. This study provides a reference for the development of Pennisetum giganteum as an earthworm bait.

To enhance the efficiency and quality of available phosphorus detection in alkaline soil, this study referenced the method specified in NY/T 1121.7-2014 “Soil Testing—Part 7: Method for Determination of Available Phosphorus in Soil” (using 25 mL colorimetric vessels and manual degassing), while also employing 50 mL colorimetric vessels and an ultrasonic degassing method to determine the available phosphorus content in alkaline soils (sample No.ASA-9, ASA-15, ASA-17). The precision of the method was evaluated using relative standard deviation (RSD), and the influence of different extraction temperatures (24, 25, 26 °C) on the determination results was analyzed.The results showed that the standard curves of the established method all achieved R² values of 0.999 9, indicating excellent linearity. The measured available phosphorus contents of ASA-9, ASA-15, and ASA-17 sample soils were in the ranges of 23.8-24.1, 53.5-53.9, and 8.3-8.6 mg/kg, respectively, all falling within the standard reference ranged. The RSD values ranged from 1.99% to 3.39%. Temperature was found to have a certain influence on the determination results: when the ambient temperature was relatively low, the extraction solution can be maintained at 25-26 °C before adding it to the extraction flask; when the ambient temperature was relatively high, the extraction solution can be maintained at 24-25 °C. In conclusion, the method used in this experiment demonstrated high accuracy and excellent precision for the determination of available phosphorus sample in alkaline soil, making it suitable for large scale analysis.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

The advantages, types, production processes, color treatment technologies, and preservation methods of dried flowers were systematically explored, aiming to provide practical technical references for dried flower production enthusiasts and theoretical support for the standardized and large-scale development of the dried flower industry. The core advantages of dried flowers lie in using natural plants as raw materials, which can retain the original shape and color of plants, have a long ornamental period, break through the limitation of flowering periods to realize free matching, and feature diverse application methods as well as low costs and low risks in the circulation link. In terms of classification, dried flowers can be divided into three-dimensional flowers and flat flowers by shape; by color treatment method, they can be divided into original-color dried flowers, bleached dried flowers, dyed dried flowers, and painted dried flowers. In terms of production processes, the collection of flower materials should be selected according to application scenarios, and post-harvest flower materials need to be preserved, trimmed and matched with appropriate equipment; drying methods include pressed flower drying, natural drying, desiccant embedding drying, and artificial environment-controlled drying. Color treatment technologies include chemical color retention, dyeing, and painting. For preservation, it is necessary to avoid light, high humidity, and insect infestation; dried flowers are recommended to be placed in a dry, well-ventilated, and clean environment, and insect prevention measures should be taken when necessary. In the future, with the innovation of dried flower technology and the expansion of application scenarios, the dried flower industry is expected to play a greater role in the fields of decoration, art, and environmental protection, further contributing to the sustainable development of related industries.

As an important food crop, foxtail millet can be cultivated in arid and saline alkali and other areas. The effects of abiotic stress were summarized, such as water, temperature, saline-alkali, and heavy metals on this crop. Water stress can affect the germination rate and yield formation of seeds, and under drought stress, plants usually close their stomata to maintain water balance within the cells. Saline-alkali stress can inhibit the growth and development of plants, resulting in restricted root growth, impaired photosynthesis, and damage to the antioxidant system. Temperature stress can cause changes in the plant morphology of foxtail millet, high temperature stress results in the production of empty grains, a decrease in the number of grains per ear, and a reduction in thousand grain weight, low temperature stress leads to impaired photosynthesis, reduced yield, and decreased quality. Heavy metal stress (such as cadmium, lead, etc.) has a significant impact on the growth, development, and yield formation of foxtail millet, and has toxic effects on its antioxidant system and metabolic regulation. In production, the stress resistance of foxtail millet can be enhanced by breeding stress resistant varieties and adjusting field management measures. This article provides a reference for promoting the research on stress resistant breeding of foxtail millet.

In this experiment, bitter rose petals were used as experimental material, water was used as the solvent, and steam distillation was used to extract rose hydrosol. Single-factor experiments (A solid-liquid ratio, B distillation time, C soaking time) and orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of these factors. The sensory score, DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the combination were measured to determine the optimal extraction process of rose hydrosol. The single-factor experiment results showed that the optimal ratio m∶v for extracting rose hydrosol is 1∶4, the optimal distillation time is 20 min, and the optimal soaking time for petals is 8 h. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the primary and secondary factors affecting the extraction of rose hydrosol in sequence were the solid-liquid ratio, distillation time, soaking time. The score of A₂B₂C₃ (the ratio of material to liquid m∶v is 1∶4, distillation time 20 min, soaking time 12 h) was the highest, reaching 8.2 points. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate and ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the rose hydrosol extracted from it were 66.27% and 66.78% respectively, indicating a strong antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the optimal process condition for extracting rose hydrosol is a material-to-liquid ratio of m∶v of 1∶4, a distillation time of 20 min, and a petal soaking time of 12 h. This article provides a reference for the comprehensive utilization of rose hydrosol resources.