Based on meteorological and yield data of summer maize growth period in Huaibei City, Anhui Province from 1982 to 2021, the characteristics of climate change during the growth period of summer maize in the region and its impact on yield were analyzed using trend analysis, moving average method, and Pearson correlation analysis method. The results showed that (1) from 1982 to 2021, the study area had sufficient precipitation, heat, and sunshine resources during the growth period of summer maize, which met the growth and development of summer maize. (2) From 1982 to 2021, the changes in summer maize yield and meteorological yield in the study area showed a consistent downward trend, with significant interannual variations in yield and scattered distribution of meteorological yield. By analyzing the relative meteorological yield, it could be concluded that the typical years of summer maize yield deficit in this region were 1987, 1994, 2003, 2007 and 2014, mainly affected by meteorological disasters such as drought and waterlogging (including continuous rainy weather). (3) The diurnal temperature range and precipitation were the key meteorological factors affecting the yield of summer maize in study area, among which the diurnal temperature range during the milk ripening maturity period is significantly positively correlated with yield (P<0.01); The precipitation during the tasseling milk ripening period is significantly negatively correlated with yield (P<0.05); The average temperature, effective accumulated temperature≥10 ℃, and sunshine hours have no significant impact on yield. This article provides a reference for regulating the microclimate in the field and improving maize yield.
To screen for suitable planting densities for maize in the Central Shandong region, the density tolerant variety Huangjinliang MY73 was selected as the test material. Three planting densities of 6 000, 6 500 and 7 000 plants/667 m2 were set up to study the effects of planting density on maize yield, yield components, agronomic traits, and grain filling rate. The results showed that this variety had the highest grain yield of 851.51 kg/667 m2, the plant height, spike height, and center of gravity height were relatively low, at 192.00, 75.83, and 83.50 cm, respectively under the condition of 6 500 plants/667 m2. The third to last internode of the stem was shorter, which could reduce the risk of lodging. The grain filling process of maize populations exhibit a growth pattern of slow onset rapid growth gradually slowing down, following an “S” - shaped curve; the grain filling characteristic showed a single peak curve trend, the grain filling characteristic of each treatment reached their peak around 14 days after silk emergence; maize treated with 6 500 plants/667 m2 had a longer duration of active filling stage. Overall, increasing the planting density of compact maize varieties appropriately can fully unleash their potential for increased yield; the suitable planting density for the density tolerant variety Huangjinliang MY73 is 6 500 plants/667 m2.
As an important food crop, foxtail millet can be cultivated in arid and saline alkali and other areas. The effects of abiotic stress were summarized, such as water, temperature, saline-alkali, and heavy metals on this crop. Water stress can affect the germination rate and yield formation of seeds, and under drought stress, plants usually close their stomata to maintain water balance within the cells. Saline-alkali stress can inhibit the growth and development of plants, resulting in restricted root growth, impaired photosynthesis, and damage to the antioxidant system. Temperature stress can cause changes in the plant morphology of foxtail millet, high temperature stress results in the production of empty grains, a decrease in the number of grains per ear, and a reduction in thousand grain weight, low temperature stress leads to impaired photosynthesis, reduced yield, and decreased quality. Heavy metal stress (such as cadmium, lead, etc.) has a significant impact on the growth, development, and yield formation of foxtail millet, and has toxic effects on its antioxidant system and metabolic regulation. In production, the stress resistance of foxtail millet can be enhanced by breeding stress resistant varieties and adjusting field management measures. This article provides a reference for promoting the research on stress resistant breeding of foxtail millet.
The planting performance of Zhuliangyou 5298 was combined in Anqing City, Anhui Province area, and its high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. From 2022 to 2024, this variety was planted in 12 demonstration sites, including Wangjiang County in Anqing City, with an upright and upward curved plant shape; the growth period was 130-136 days, with an average seed setting rate of 85.77%, a thousand grain weight of 24.1 g, and a yield of 8 280-9 000 kg/hm2; good polished rice yield and excellent rice quality; strong anti lodging ability. Its high yield cultivation techniques include early sowing (sowing and seedling cultivation from late April to mid May), timely transplanting, cultivating strong seedlings, keeping the soil of the seedling field moist, applying “weaning fertilizer” (urea 60-75 kg/hm2) according to the growth of the seedlings, and timely prevention and control of seedling diseases and pests such as rice thrips and bakanae disease; select high speed rice transplanter operation based on seedling quality, planting time, etc., inspect and debug the transplanting machinery according to the settings, determine the planting distance, seedling amount, and depth; timely weed control (spraying pesticides such as butachlor for soil sealing, spraying pesticides such as butazone for stem and leaf control during the seedling stage, and spraying pesticides such as 30% propiconazole for sealing throughout the field after the seedlings); heavy application of base fertilizer (45% compound fertilizer 450-600 kg/hm2), early application of tillering fertilizer (high nitrogen and high potassium compound fertilizer 225-300 kg/hm2), and supplementary application of ear fertilizer (potassium chloride 112.5-150.0 kg/hm2); shallow water seedling planting, deep water live planting, alternating dry and wet conditions to promote tillering; appropriate pesticides should be used during the growth period of the field to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast and sheath blight. This article provides a reference for further promotion and planting of this variety in similar regions.
To investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous proline on drought stress in wheat seedlings, wheat variety Jimai 22 was used as the experimental material, with CK and blank control set up; T1，15% PEG-6000； T2, 15% PEG-6000+10 mmol/L proline; T3, 15% PEG-6000+30 mmol/L proline; T4, 15% PEG-6000+60 mmol/L proline, 5 treatments were used to study the effects of different concentrations of proline on photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic characteristics, and protective enzyme systems of wheat seedlings under drought stress. The results showed that drought stress reduced the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and protective enzyme activity of wheat seedling leaves; the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoids in wheat leaves treated with T3 was the highest, increasing by 63.95%, 74.42%, 67.44%, and 51.35% respectively compared to T1 treatment. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of leaves treated with T3 were the highest, with increases of 38.16%, 27.50%, and 19.63% compared to T1 treatment. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the leaves treated with T3 were the highest, increasing by 47.01%, 55.15%, and 54.87% respectively compared to T1 treatment. It can be seen that exogenous proline can effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of drought stress on photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, and protective enzyme activity in wheat seedlings, with the best effect observed at a proline concentration of 30 mmol/L.
Ratoon rice is an efficient planting model that achieves “one planting, two harvests”in rice production. Based on the production practices of ratoon rice in Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province from 2020 to 2024, the production status， influencing factors of ratoon rice and proposes corresponding development countermeasures were analyzes. From 2020 to 2024, the planting area of ratoon rice in the study area increased rapidly the dominant varieties were mainly characterized by excellent rice quality and lodging resistance (Fengliangyouxiang 1, Y Liangyou 911); the yield of ratoon rice increased steadily, with the two-crop yield per unit area in 2024 increasing by 817.5 kg/hm2 compared with 2020; an integrated application and promotion system was established from the three aspects of seedling raising, fertilizer and water management, and harvesting, and innovative production models such as “two shrimps and two rice crops”, “Chinese flowering cabbage + regenerated rice” and “green manure + regenerated rice” were developed. The influencing factors of its development include high investment costs, the need for enhanced attention; the yield level of the second crop of ratoon rice needs to be improved, there are few alternative varieties of regenerative rice, and the crushing rate of the first harvest is relatively high; there are few large scale and specialized rice processing enterprises, and the development model of the entire industrial chain needs to be strengthened, etc. Based on this, targeted countermeasures are proposed from the aspects of support, technical research and market development, including increasing investment and implementing universal planting subsidies; continuing to screen special ratoon rice varieties, promoting early seedling raising in steel frame connected greenhouses, synchronous side deep fertilization with mechanical transplanting, and timely mechanical harvesting to reduce losses; accelerating the development of the local ratoon rice market, expanding the market with quality, promoting processing with the market, and promoting production with processing to effectively improve the planting benefits of ratoon rice and farmers' planting enthusiasm. This paper provides references for promoting the high quality development of ratoon rice in relevant regions.
To investigate the effects of different fertilization methods on the quality of Liubao tea and the soil quality of tea gardens, taking the soil before fertilization as the control (CK), the tea yield, total nitrogen and other tea accumulation amounts, tea water extract, catechins and other tea quality indicators, soil physical and chemical properties such as pH and organic matter of Liubao tea under three fertilization methods, namely conventional fertilization (T0), artificial burial and formula fertilization (T1), and underground seepage irrigation formula fertilization (T2) were analyzed. The results showed that (1) the tea yield after T1 and T2 treatments was higher than that after T0, with the tea yield of T2 being higher. (2) The total phosphorus content of tea after T2 treatment was relatively high, and the total potassium content of tea after T1 treatment was relatively high. There was no significant difference in the total nitrogen content of tea under different fertilization methods. (3) Compared with T0, both T1 and T2 increased the contents of tea water extract, tea polyphenols, catechins, caffeine and free amino acids to a certain extent. Compared with CK, all three fertilization methods had enhanced the basic soil fertility (pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, magnesium, zinc, and boron). In conclusion, the application of underground seepage irrigation formula fertilization can increase the yield and quality of Liubao tea leaves and has a certain improvement effect on the soil environment, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the tea industry.
The disposal, processing, and production of organic fertilizer from off-field rice straw, followed by its application back to the field, is one of the effective approach for straw fertilizer utilization. To clarify the field application effects of rice straw fiberization and decay-promoting fertilizer technology in preparing straw granular organic fertilizer, experiments were conducted on greenhouse green vegetables under equal nitrogen conditions with different organic fertilizers and application rates. The treatments included SOF1 (straw organic fertilizer 3 750 kg/hm2 + compound fertilizer 525 kg/hm2 ), SOF2 (straw organic fertilizer 7 500 kg/hm2 + compound fertilizer 300 kg/hm2), SOF3 (straw organic fertilizer 11 250 kg/hm2 + compound fertilizer 75 kg/hm2), COF (commercial organic fertilizer 4 500 kg/hm2 + compound fertilizer 525 kg/hm2 ), BOF (biological organic fertilizer 1 200 kg/hm2 + compound fertilizer 0 kg/hm2 ), and pure chemical fertilizer (750 kg/hm2 of compound fertilizer) as the control (CK). Indicators such as vegetable yield (plant height, single plant weight, etc.), quality (soluble sugar, vitamin C, nitrate), and soil physical and chemical indicators (organic matter, humus, total nitrogen, etc.) were measured to analyze the effects of straw particle organic fertilizer on the growth of facility vegetable and soil physical and chemical properties. The results showed that compared with the application of pure chemical fertilizer, the treatments with straw organic fertilizer, commercial organic fertilizer, and biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizers all increased the chlorophyll content and single plant weight of facility vegetable to varying degrees, demonstrating certain yield-increasing effects; the contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C were also increased, while the formation of nitrate was inhibited. Compared with sole chemical fertilizer application, the treatments with base application of organic fertilizer showed varying degrees of increase in soil organic matter, humus, and total nitrogen content. It indicates that straw organic fertilizer can partly replace commercial organic fertilizer, achieve straw fertilizer utilization, and play a role in improving soil quality and enhancing soil fertility. Based on the comprehensive assessments of yield and quality indicators of green vegetables, a fertilization mode of using 11 250 kg/hm2 of straw organic fertilizer or 1 200 kg/hm2 of bio-organic fertilizer as base fertilizer can achieve relatively stable crop yield and improve vegetable quality while reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers. This approach demonstrates significant benefits in fertilizer usage while increasing efficiency, making it a viable option for promotion and application in agricultural production.
To investigate the effects of mixed substrates of cow dung-maize straw compost and vegetable garden soil on the growth and quality of potted garlic seedings, an experiment was conducted from August to November 2024 using compost (1∶1 volume ratio of cow dung and maize straw) and garden soil as materials, with pure vegetable garden soil as the control (CK). The compost and garden soil were mixed at volume ratios to form 6 treatments: T1–T6 at 1∶9, 2∶8, 3∶7, 4∶6, 5∶5 and 6∶4, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the substrates were measured, and samples were taken at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing to determine growth indicators such as plant height and quality indicators such as soluble protein content in the leaves and pseudostems. The results showed that compared with CK, as the proportion of compost increased, the bulk density and pH of the substrate gradually decreased, while the total porosity, water-holding porosity and aeration porosity gradually increased. The height, pseudostem diameter and pseudostem length of garlic seedlings in each treatment were significantly increased, and the root activity and chlorophyll content showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The contents of soluble protein, vitamin C and allicin were all relatively high. The growth and quality indicators of treated with T3 were superior. At 30, 60 and 90 days, the plant height, pseudostem diameter, pseudostem length, leaf weight, pseudostem weight, total plant weight, root vitality, and chlorophyll content increased by 8.5%-22.4%, 51.0%-100.0%, 25.5%-58.4%, 13.0%-38.8%, 16.0% -29.0%, 15.6%-28.1%, 18.5%-36.4%, and 20.1%-31.2% respectively compared to the CK. The contents of soluble protein, vitamin C, and allicin in the leaves increased by 8.4% - 27.2%, 14.9% - 22.7%, and 37.0%-57.1% respectively compared to the the CK. The contents of soluble protein, vitamin C, and allicin in the pseudostem increased by 18.4%-24.0%, 15.7%-30.4%, and 18.9%-30.9% respectively compared to the CK. In conclusion, the mixed substrate of cow dung-maize straw compost and garden soil promotes the growth of garlic sprouts and the accumulation of photosynthetic products, improving their overall quality. The T3 treatment (3∶7 volume ratio of cow dung-maize straw compost to vegetable garden soil) demonstrated the best results and can be applied in garlic seedlings cultivation.
To analysis the plant diversity in the parks and green spaces of Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, the typical quadrat method was used to investigate the plant composition of eight parks and green spaces, including Chang'an Mountain Park and Qingliang Mountain Park. Important values, diversity indices (Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index), and the Jaccard β similarity coefficient were calculated. The results showed that a total of 304 plant species, including 197 woody species and 107 herbaceous species were recorded. Among them, 109 were native species, 95 were domestically introduced species, and 100 were foreign introduced species. Species such as Camphora officinarum, Broussonetia papyrifera, Celtis sinensis, and Koelreuteria elegans exhibited high importance values in both tree and shrub layers.The species richness indices of the eight parks and green spaces ranged from 1.97 to 6.27. Except for Chang'an Mountain Park, Qingliang Mountain Park, and Gaogai Mountain Park, the other parks generally followed the pattern of tree species > shrub species. The plant diversity indices varied among different parks, with an overall trend of herbaceous species > shrub species > tree species. The Jaccard β similarity coefficient among the parks ranged from 0.08 to 0.40, indicating either extremely low or moderately low similarity levels, with relatively low similarity in plant species composition, particularly between tree and shrub layers,suggesting diverse plant configurations. The findings of this study provide a reference for enhancing plant diversity and scientific management in urban parks and green spaces in related regions.
The connotation, theoretical basis, characteristics of the new naturalistic planting concept and its role in rural landscape construction were systematically explored. The creation goals of rural plant landscapes under this concept were analyzed. Based on its characteristics as the evaluation criteria, research and evaluation on rural plant landscapes such as Wangyinggou Village, Lidukou Village and Linfeng Village in Pingdingshan City, Henan Province were conducted, and targeted landscape construction strategies were put forward. New naturalistic planting is a landscape design method based on the concepts of nature, ecology and plant aesthetics. It features a wide variety of species, imitation of nature, high ornamental value, easy maintenance and low cost. In the construction of rural plant landscapes, it plays a role in protecting biodiversity and regulating the quality of the ecological environment. The new naturalistic planting concept is dedicated to creating plant landscapes that are “eco-friendly”, “low-carbon and energy-saving”, “low-maintenance” and “rustic aesthetic”. The research found that the rural plant landscape in the study area needs further improvement in aspects such as plant variety diversity, natural aesthetics, ornamental value, stability, and maintenance difficulty. In response to these issues, strategies such as strengthening the selection and application of native plants, highlighting the aesthetic characteristics of rural plants, creating highly ornamental landscapes, and building stable plant communities have been proposed. This article provides a reference for the development of rural plant landscapes.
By dissecting the composition of the courtyard complex ecosystem, and the relationship between the complex ecosystem and landscape design, the current situation of the courtyard landscape in Jian Tou Village, Wugang City, Hunan Province were comprehensively analyzed, and targeted design strategies were proposed. A courtyard is essentially an ecosystem that integrates “economic-socio-cultural” subsystems with the environment as the foundation and society as the medium of circulation. In the social subsystem of the study area, there is a scarcity of land for public welfare undertakings and public facilities, and the landscape types are monotonous. The rural characteristics of the residential landscape need to be highlighted. The landscape of the economic subsystem as a whole lacks variation. The production landscape and the auxiliary production landscape are basically distributed independently, and the connection between the two needs to be strengthened. The actual development and utilization rate of cultural resources in the cultural subsystem is not high, and the related cultures need to be integrated and presented. Based on the above current situation, it is proposed to enhance the comprehensive functions of the existing space by using advanced technologies and management methods, rationally disassemble and integrate neighborhood spaces, and add landscape features such as “green” fences, bamboo hedges, and pebble paths. Strengthen the subjectivity and integrity of the landscape, set up viewing platforms, and enrich the functions of the existing site. Design cultural landscapes based on historical and cultural elements, increase the application of landscape elements such as historical figures, historical events, and humanistic spirit, and adopt diverse design techniques to create distinctive landscapes and other strategies. This article provides a reference for improving the landscape effect of rural courtyards.
The principles of rural landscape planning and design were expounded. Ershili Dian Village in Hutubi County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was taken as an example to analyze the current situation of its rural landscape. Through the integration of local agriculture, tourism and cultural industries, planning strategies for rural landscapes from the perspective of industrial revitalization were proposed. The principles of rural landscape planning and design mainly include the balance of protection and utilization, the preservation of regional culture, multi-faceted integration, and sustainable development. The research area has unique geographical advantages, folk customs characteristics and abundant seedling resources. with nursery stock, farmland and animal husbandry as its distinctive features. The planning and design of the research area aims to build a leisure tourism village, integrate the advantageous resources of the nursery distribution center, and promote the integrated development of rural industries. On this basis, a rural landscape planning strategy oriented towards industrial integration is proposed, emphasizing the diversified development of landscape functions. It aims to build experiential agricultural landscapes, smart flower and tree seedling science popularization parks, seedling landscape paths, digital cloud seedling platforms, and develop ecological forest undergrowth economy, etc., to enhance the value of tourism landscapes and drive the development of other industries through the primary industry. To achieve a win-win situation in economic, social and ecological benefits for rural landscapes, so as to comprehensively enhance and develop rural landscapes in the long term. This article provides references for the revitalization of rural industries and the improvement of rural landscapes.
Based on the practice of planning and design, an update and renovation design for Suzhou Park in Jiangsu Province was conducted, and renovation strategies in 5 aspects: open boundaries, scene implantation, friendliness for all ages, plant configuration, and cultural inheritance were proposed. As the park was built a long time ago, it has some problems such as partly outdated facilities and single functions, which cannot meet the diverse needs of citizens. The renovation and upgrading of the park is centered on the core concepts of openness and sharing, friendliness for all ages, people-oriented approach, cultural inheritance. The specific transformation strategies includes measures such as removing fences, adding entrances and pilot the opening and sharing of urban park green spaces, enabling the park to organically integrate with the surrounding communities. Organize poolside reading activities, carry out forest folk art appreciation, set up a health and wellness platform, and create a Suzhou-style leisure life scene. The northern part of the park is designed as a static leisure area by integrating natural landscapes, while the southern part is designed as a dynamic vitality area by combining flower beds and squares. Fitness equipment suitable for the elderly is added, and barrier-free facilities are set up, etc. Optimize the planting patterns of plants and enrich the spatial types of plants; preserve historical relics such as the Min De Pavilion, the French Garden and the European-style doorposts, and hold traditional festivals, cultural lectures and other cultural activities to enrich the cultural connotation of the park. This practice provides a reference for the comprehensive improvement of the functions of old parks.
The Yuexi County, Anhui Province were taken as the research object, by statistically analyzing its area and structure of the existing nature areas, the current situation and characteristics of the nature areas were expounded, the spatial pattern of this area was analyzed, and strategies for further optimizing the spatial configuration of the nature areas were proposed. There are currently 6 nature areas in the study area, including 3 nature reserves, 2 forest parks and 1 scenic spot. They respectively belong to three types: forest ecological type nature areas, wild plant type nature reserves and land-based nature parks. Protected areas are characterized by typical protection types, rare protected objects and diverse functions of protected areas. There are some shortcomings in the spatial pattern, such as the need to improve the rationality of the spatial structure, the need to enhance the overall correlation of the ecological network, the need to further coordinate the protection and development mechanisms, and the need to improve the management system. On this basis, countermeasures such as scientifically adjusting the spatial scope, moderately increasing the coverage rate of nature areas, coordinating the green development plan, and improving the standardized management mechanism are proposed. This article provides a reference for the optimization and integration of nature areas in the relevant area.
To enhance the utilization efficiency of automatic water quality monitoring data, accurate identify key factors of water pollution, the Python and factor analysis were employed to conduct an in-depth analysis of continuous monitoring data from 2021 to 2023 at a provincial monitoring station in Jiangsu Province. The research results indicate that the three extracted principal factors retain and explain the original evaluation indicators with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 64.29%. Total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn), turbidity (Tur), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) are the associated indicators of the first principal factor (F1), playing a crucial role in explaining the characteristics of water quality variations in the studied area. The water quality at the studied section exhibited significant fluctuations, with exceedance periods mainly concentrated in February to March (winter-spring) and around July (flood season), showing clear seasonal characteristics of exceedance. Factor analysis can cover indicators that may be limited by single-factor evaluation methods, such as conductivity (EC), Tur, and total nitrogen (TN), demonstrating significant advantages in comprehensively assessing water quality, describing water quality fluctuation patterns, pollution levels, and pollution duration. This research provides a reference for precise water quality monitoring and water ecological environment protection.
Tobacco black shank is one of the major diseases in tobacco production. It has become increasingly severe due to factors such as continuous cropping and frequent introduction of new varieties, threatening the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The etiological characteristics, disease symptoms, pathogenic factors, and control measures of this disease were elaborated. The pathogen of this disease belongs to the genus Phytophthora, with mycelium or chlamydospores serving as the primary infection sources. Its zoospores can directly penetrate the epidermis to infect plants. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth is 28–32 °C, and the optimal temperature for sporangium production is 24–28 °C. This disease can occur throughout the entire growth period of tobacco, with high incidence from the rosette stage to the vigorous growth stage. It mainly damages the basal stems and roots. In the seedling stage, it manifests as “damping-off”; in the field stage, it presents typical symptoms such as “mantle-like”, “bamboo shoot node-like”, and “disc-like” lesions. Pathogenic factors include overwintering of pathogens (surviving for 2–3 years, with continuous cropping exacerbating accumulation), high temperature and high humidity climates (field humidity above 80% for 3–5 consecutive days leading to disease peaks), and root-knot nematode infection (aggravating the damage). Control measures include breeding disease-resistant varieties (such as highly resistant varieties such as Zhongyan 100 and Yuyan No.2, and moderately resistant varieties such as K326 and Yunyan 85); agricultural control (rational crop rotation/intercropping with non-host crops, deep plowing and sunning, high-ridging and earthing up, drainage and humidity reduction, etc.); biological control (using antagonistic microorganisms such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas, as well as plant-derived fungicides from garlic and corktree bark); and chemical control (agents such as metalaxyl-mancozeb, mefenoxam-mancozeb, and dimethomorph). Future research should further explore its pathogenic mechanisms, accelerate the improvement of disease-resistant varieties, develop environmentally friendly biological agents, and optimize integrated prevention and control systems to adapt to different production needs.
To investigate the effects of centrifugal separation speed and time on the determination results of ammonia nitrogen, referring to the HJ 535-2009 Water Quality Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen Nessler's Reagent Spectrophotometry, 4 rotational speeds (1 000, 2 000, 3 000, and 4 000 r/min) and 6 time durations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min) were set, totaling 24 treatments. The absorbance values of water samples with different turbidities (4.1, 18 and 30 NTU) were measured, and Grubbs' one-sided test was used for mean value testing. The spike recovery rates under optimal treatment conditions were calculated. Meanwhile, the effects of 4 pretreatment methods raw water, centrifugal separation, flocculation precipitation, and flocculation precipitation + centrifugal separation on the ammonia nitrogen content of the water samples were compared. The results showed that the minimum absorbance values for the 3 water samples with turbidities of 4.1, 18 and 30 NTU were 0.183, 0.091 and 0.102, respectively, all corresponding to a rotational speed of 4 000 r/min and a time of 4 min. The mean test values G6 for time were 1.563, 1.280, and 1.524, and the mean test values G4 were 1.258, 1.333, and 1.147, respectively. The spike recovery rates for the 3 water samples pretreated with flocculation precipitation + centrifugal separation (4 000 r/min, 4 min) ranged from 98% to 102%. The ammonia nitrogen content of the same water sample, as determined by the four different pretreatment methods, ranked from high to low as follows: raw water > centrifugal separation > flocculation precipitation > flocculation precipitation + centrifugal separation. The comprehensive results indicate that the pretreatment method combining flocculation sedimentation and centrifugal separation demonstrates optimal effectiveness in removing turbidity interference for ammonia nitrogen measurement. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the recommended centrifugation parameters are 4 000 r/min for 4 minutes.
Andrias davidianus as an amphibian, possesses values such as food and medicinal uses. Its breeding and cultivation techniques based on practical production practices in the Huainan area of Anhui Province, covering site selection, farming facility construction, artificial propagation, artificial cultivation, and disease prevention and control were summarized. Andrias davidianus prefer shade and dislike light, favor quiet environments, and are sensitive to disturbances; the site should be secluded with ample feed resources. Breeding ponds should be constructed in shaded and ventilated underground rooms, divided into larval ponds, juvenile ponds, adult ponds, broodstock ponds, spawning ponds, and hatching ponds. Supporting facilities such as sedimentation ponds, filtration ponds, purification ponds should also be built. For artificial propagation, broodstock should be healthy, free of injuries or diseases, and weigh at least 2 kg. In broodstock ponds, a female-to-male ratio of 3∶2 is recommended for mixed breeding or separate rearing, with a stocking density of 1 individual/m2. Breeding is divided into spring cultivation (April–May), pre-spawning cultivation (June–July), and autumn cultivation (August–September). The optimal time for induced spawning is August–September, with water temperature controlled at 16–23 °C. A flow-through method is used for incubation, with a flow rate of 2 m3/h, dissolved oxygen concentration >3 mg/L, and avoidance of light exposure.Artificial cultivation is divided into three stages: larval, juvenile, and adult. The larval stage requires strict control of water temperature (10–23°C), stocking density (30–50 individuals/m2), and thorough disinfection. Juvenile cultivation emphasizes graded management (6–10 individuals/m2) and“four fixed”feeding principles (fixed time, location, quality, and quantity). For adults, feeding rates (0.3%–10%) are precisely adjusted based on water temperature.Disease prevention follows a proactive approach. For parasitic diseases (trichodinosis), formalin baths are used; bacterial diseases (furunculosis, enteritis) are treated with povidone-iodine disinfection and antibiotics; fungal infections (saprolegniasis) are managed with salt baths and metalaxyl application. This study provides a reference for the healthy cultivation of Andrias davidianus.
Pennisetum giganteum is a natural, green, and high yield forage with rich nutritional value, good palatability, and high biomass. This article reviews the composition of Pennisetum giganteum and its advantages, challenges, and countermeasures as an earthworm bait. Pennisetum giganteum contains abundant protein, minerals (such as calcium and iron), and functional components like β-glucans and pectin. Its advantages as an earthworm bait include high productivity and nutritional value, providing a continuous organic matter supply; strong tillering ability and well-developed root systems that enhance soil nutrient cycling and create a favorable habitat for earthworms; and its perennial growth cycle (5–15 years) and low-cost organic matter production (approximately 0.17 yuan/kg), which improve economic efficiency. However, challenges such as slow biodegradation, variability in crude protein and other nutrients, and potential soil structure alterations (compaction or reduced porosity) must be addressed. To overcome these limitations, strategies such as microbial degradation, optimal harvesting timing; intercropping with high-protein forage, developing composite baitand; strengthening scientific research to accelerate decomposition and enhance utilization efficiency. This study provides a reference for the development of Pennisetum giganteum as an earthworm bait.
Fascioliasis hepatica is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica that lives in the bile ducts of animals.A clinical examination on a case of goat farming in a certain farmer was comducted in Tongling, Anhui Province, and confirms it was diagnosed as fascioliasis. It targeted treatment plans were provided and corresponding preventive measures were proposed. In August 2024, the goats raised by a certain farmer successively showed symptoms such as elevated body temperature (39.5 to 41℃) and significantly pale mucous membranes. The pathological features were manifested as multiple grayish-yellow necrotic foci in the liver tissue, which were dark in color and uneven in texture. The boundaries of the necrotic areas were relatively clear, and there were larvae and adults of Fasciola hepatica in the gallbladder and bile ducts. The eggs were brownish-yellow. The highest number of fecal eggs was 7 500 per/g, and the infection intensity was relatively high. In terms of treatment, trichlorobendazole (10 mg/kg) was used for deworming in micro and light goats, supplemented with concentrated feed and immunomodulators. For severely affected goats, nitrochlorophenol (5-8 mg/kg) was selected for deworming. At the same time, targeted treatment methods such as intravenous infusion (for dehydrated and electrolyte disordered goats) and anemia treatment (for anemic goats) were adopted. Preventive measures included regular deworming once a year at the end of autumn, the beginning of winter and the beginning of spring, piling and fermenting the manure from the sheep farm, harmless treatment of diseased goats by deep burial or incineration, choosing high altitude, dry and well ventilated pastures and implementing a rotational grazing system, strengthening the source control and hygiene maintenance of forage and drinking water use a 20 mg/L copper sulfate solution or 20% ammonia water for snail extermination. This article provides a reference for the scientific prevention and treatment of fascioliasis.
The current situation of the forest chief system reform in Shexian County, Anhui Province was analyzed, and specific strategies for the aspects that need improvement in its reform were proposed. The research area has established an efficient forestry management system, comprehensively setting up a three-level forest chief work system covering the county, township and village levels, strengthening the dynamic management of forest chiefs, and timely updating the information and responsibility areas of forest chiefs. The system implements a target management responsibility system for the protection and development of forest resources, focusing on four dimensions: “protecting greenery”, “managing greenery”, “utilizing greenery”, and “activating greenery”, to comprehensively enhance the level of ecological governance. Promote business models such as “forest chief system + company + cooperative + base + farmers”, vigorously cultivate characteristic economic forests, and develop forest undergrowth economy and forest tourism industry. The reform of the forest chief system has some shortcomings, such as the need to enhance the sense of responsibility, implement working systems, increase publicity efforts, and innovate institutional mechanism. Based on this, it is proposed to organize work training for township-level forest chiefs in a timely manner to enhance their sense of responsibility; fully implement the forest chief responsibility zone system, and forest chiefs at all levels earnestly fulfill their responsibilities. Strengthen the publicity of the forest chief system work and raise public attention to forestry ecological construction; innovate the path of the forest chief system based on multi-subject collaborationand other strategies. This article provides a reference for the relevant regions to deepen the new round of forest chief system reform.
To explore the role of water conservation forests in water quality purification, the water conservation forest of Zhanggongtang Reservoir in Shushan District, Hefei City, Anhui Province was taken as the research object, artificial simulated precipitation (acidic and normal precipitation) was used to study the precipitation adsorption capacity of the undergrowth vegetation of different forest types (sunny slope Robinia pseudoacacia forest, shady slope Salix forest, and sunny slope Salix forest), and its influence on the pH of water, the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and soil pH.The results showed that under normal precipitation conditions, the water interception capacity of understory vegetation and litter in sunny slope R. pseudoacacia forest, shady slope Salix forest, and sunny slope Salix forest were 2.505, 1.206, and 1.128 kg/m2, respectively. Under acidic precipitation conditions, the pH of surface water and 30 cm soil infiltration water followed the order: sunny slope R. pseudoacacia forest > shady slope Salix forest > sunny slope Salix forest. Under acidic and normal precipitation conditions, the total nitrogen concentration in infiltration water was lower in R. pseudoacacia forests than in Salix forests, with shady slope Salix forests exhibiting lower total nitrogen levels than sunny slope Salix forests, while total phosphorus concentrations showed no significant differences; the pH values of the surface and leached layers of the soil were in the following order: sunny slope R. pseudoacacia forest > shady slope Salix forest > sunny slope Salix forest. In conclusion, the water purification efficiency of the three forest types ranked as follows: sunny slope R. pseudoacacia forest > shady slope Salix forest > sunny slope Salix forest. These findings provide references for the planning and management of water conservation forests.
To enhance the comprehensive utilization capacity of tobacco leaf raw materials, taking normal processing as a control, production tests with two process schemes: the sliced tobacco and original tobacco pre-moistening blending (scheme A) and pre-baking blending (scheme B) were carried out, and 7 economic indexes, such as sheet rate and long stem yield rate, finished product quality indexes, such as water uniformity and nicotine uniformity of finished products, and five product quality indexes, such as sheet rate, were determined. The results showed that the piece rate of scheme B was 70.14% and the finished product output rate was 99.96%. The tobacco leaf loss of adopting this scheme was relatively small. The uniform moisture control levels of the finished products in the two schemes were basically the same, slightly higher than the normal processing level. The uniformity average value of the finished nicotine in scheme B was 3.21%, the coefficient of variation was 2.32%, and the SQH1 value of the uniformity of the leaf structure was 5.40, both of which were superior to scheme A. Therefore, the pre-baking blending processing mode is a superior processing technique. It is conducive to optimizing the economic indicators of leaf removal and re-baking, improving the stability of key indicator control, and enhancing the comprehensive utilization rate of tobacco leaves.
To cultivate applied talents with strong comprehensive abilities and high quality, the current situation of Medicinal Plant Ecology Experimental course in terms of teaching equipment, teaching content, teaching model, and teaching evaluation system was analyzed, and the targeted teaching reform strategies were proposed. In terms of the current situation, the experimental equipment was outdated and the quantity was limited, the class hours were limited, the teaching content lacked hierarchy and pertinence, there were few innovative and practical experiments, and the assessment of students' experimental performance and ability improvement needs to be increased. Based on this, the following reform strategies were proposed: integrating multiple teaching resources and fully utilizing the instruments and equipment of teaching bases and research platforms; setting up hierarchical teaching content, from easy to difficult, consisting of three modules: basic compulsory experiments, comprehensive compulsory experiments, and exploratory elective experiments; optimizing teaching model, combining online and offline teaching, and flipping the classroom; establishing diversified assessment and evaluation methods, conducting diversified assessments of “learning thinking exploration research innovation examination”. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.
To cultivate high quality talents that can adapt to the development of the edible mushroom industry, the teaching reform path of Edible Mushroom related courses were explored and practiced based on the OBE concept, forming an application-oriented talent training model with Edible Mushroom courses as the main line and student interests as the guidance. Specifically, improve the curriculum system related to edible mushrooms, add courses such as Edible Mushroom Seed Production, and Prevention and Control of Edible Mushroom Diseases and Pests, and establish student groups for cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum varieties, identification of black fungus germplasm resources, and research and development of Agaricus bisporus strains based on enterprise needs. These groups are trained individually or in small groups to form a complete talent training system; strengthen the training of professional teachers' abilities, establish interdisciplinary professional teaching teams, integrate real problems in enterprise production, and students directly enter the laboratory for research such as strain selection, disease and pest detection and control; improve the assessment and evaluation system, and screen applied talents who are capable of engaging in edible mushroom production and research through course experiments, teacher research laboratory project completion and progress, professional internships, and graduation internships. Practice shows that under this teaching reform model, students' comprehensive abilities have been significantly improved, with a pass rate of 93.2% to 93.5% for the Introduction to Mycology course and a pass rate of 96.8% or higher for the Prevention and Control of Edible Mushroom Diseases and Pests course. This article provides references for the teaching reform of edible mushroom related courses.
To cultivate applied talents with innovative consciousness and practical hands-on ability, the application foundation of the three-level teaching model of “cognition, practical training, hands-on operation” introduced in the Bioinformatics course of Plant Protection major was analyzed, and carried out teaching reform practice. The application foundation includes three levels. At the cognition level, students mainly learn the basic theoretical knowledge to cultivate their interest in learning; at the practical training level, cultivate practical abilities through case analysis, simulated data operations, and other methods; at the hands-on level, cultivate the ability to solve problems through innovative experiments, scientific research projects. In terms of teaching reform practice, integrating professional theoretical knowledge at the cognitive level, constructing interdisciplinary knowledge systems, and innovating teaching methods; strengthen practical skills at the practical training level, design training projects with plant protection characteristics, improve training facilities and teaching staff; promote interdisciplinary innovation practices at the hands-on operation level, facilitate the integration of scientific research projects with learning, and participate in interdisciplinary competition activities. In addition, adopting diversified evaluation methods, emphasizing outcome based evaluation, introducing student self-evaluation and peer evaluation, and establishing a comprehensive evaluation file. The practical results shows that the teaching reform has produced good results, with 90% of students proficiently mastering the practical operation skills of commonly used tools in the course, such as sequence alignment, evolutionary tree construction, and the use of biological databases; a total of 16 student teams have applied and been approved for the university level innovation training program based on their course learning achievements. This article provides references for cultivating more high quality and information-based intelligent plant protection talents.
To cultivate high quality biological professionals, the learning and teaching status of General Biology course was analyzed, and the corresponding teaching reforms were carried out. This course is offered in the first year of college, and some students consider their biology foundation to be average, making it difficult for them to keep up with the teaching progress; part of the classroom teaching methods are relatively single, with a disconnect between theoretical teaching and practical teaching, and students' overall learning interest is not high. Based on this, targeted teaching reforms are carried out. Based on the student-centered teaching philosophy, a knowledge graph is established through the Chaoxing Learning Platform, which helps students identify and fill in gaps through methods such as learning first and then learning; innovate teaching model, implement a dual mentor system of scientific research and teaching, and achieve the integration of “course competition research production”; refactor teaching content, focus on teaching related research on animals, plants, and humans, as well as microbiology and bioengineering; improve teaching methods by adding questioning guidance, situational introduction, and classroom discussions to connect abstract biological knowledge with practical production; optimize the assessment and evaluation methods, increase the proportion of process assessment to 50%, and increase the assessment of students' self-learning ability, value leadership ability, and other aspects. Practice shows that the teaching reform of this course has achieved significant results, with students' learning initiative significantly improved and the teaching objectives basically achieved. This article provides references for similar course teaching reforms.
To meet the demand for big data talents in the development of smart agriculture, the current situation of talent cultivation system was analyzed from the aspects of teaching content and practical teaching, and the targeted measures were proposed. At present, there are problems in the talent cultivation system for agricultural big data, such as insufficient interdisciplinary integration, difficulty in keeping up with industry development trends, lack of sufficient practical teaching bases and difficulty in evaluating practical effects, and shallow implementation of big data practical teaching. Based on this, the following improvement measures are proposed. Optimize curriculum design, add interdisciplinary content, and ensure that teaching content keeps pace with the times; innovate teaching models, use project-based teaching methods, and create intelligent online and offline teaching platforms; strengthen practical teaching and guide students to actively participate in horizontal projects commissioned by enterprises; deepen school enterprise cooperation, use school enterprise joint construction to build a big data practice platform for simulating agricultural production, and invite enterprise experts as external mentors; improve the evaluation system and establish an evaluation system that combines knowledge mastery (40%), practical ability (30%), innovation literacy (20%), and professional competence (10%). Practice has shown that this talent cultivation system can improve students' knowledge mastery, practical operation skills, innovation ability, professional ethics, and so on. This article provides a reference for cultivating high quality talents to meet the development needs of big data.
To explore the innovative application of generative artificial intelligence in experimental practice teaching, the Innovative Experimental of General Plant Pathology course was taken as the practical field, and the specific path of AI empowering the collaborative application of “teacher-machine-student” in experimental practice teaching was explored. Through case comparison analysis and system design (AI), a “four-dimensional” application model framework covering AI interactive teaching platform, knowledge engine, innovative design assistant, and personalized evaluation was constructed, and multiple AI empowered experimental teaching activities were implemented. The specific path includes building an AI based interactive teaching platform, use the DeepSeek R1 model, and after layer by layer debugging, developing a Python based software for measuring the severity of plant leaf diseases, with an accuracy rate of 97%; utilize the functions of AI knowledge engine and innovative design assistant, it have developed small tools covering specific application scenarios such as disease investigation sampling diagrams, genome sequence extraction, kiwifruit disease image recognition mini programs, etc.; utilize AI to improve the feedback and full process evaluation mechanism, conduct full process assessment on students' experimental completion, innovative work design additional scores, and provide targeted guidance. Practice has shown that the activity level, academic performance, and innovative output of students in AI assisted teaching classes have significantly increased, and the developed tools have been applied to scientific research practice. It can effectively improve the effectiveness of experimental practice teaching. This article provides references for AI empowered teaching reform in agricultural science and other experimental disciplines.
To explore the research hotspots and trends in the field of county-level assistance under the background of rural revitalization, this paper takes 460 relevant literatures on county-level assistance included in CNKI from 2012 to 2023 as samples, and uses CiteSpace visualization software to analyze the number of publications, institutional cooperation, keyword clustering and co-occurrence in this research field. The results show that the number of publications in the field of county-level assistance is on the whole upward trend, and after 2015, the number of publications increased significantly; the research institutions are widely distributed, involving various types of universities and research institutes, with a low density of institutional cooperation network. Northeast Agricultural University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology are the main research forces, but there is little cooperation between institutions; keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis reveal that “targeted poverty alleviation”, and “county medical community” are the core hotspots, and the research topics cover ten major clusters such as rural revitalization, financial services and county economy; burst keyword analysis shows that ”targeted poverty alleviation “have the highest attention in recent years, and “hierarchical diagnosis and treatment” has maintained a relatively persistent research focus over a longer timeframe. In the context of comprehensively implementing the rural revitalization strategy, the future county-level assistance needs to adjust and optimize the assistance mechanism and adhere to the path of high-quality development.
To explore the development path of agricultural moderate scale operations in mountainous areas, took Qishan Town, Qimen County in Southern Anhui Province as the research object, and the current situation, challenges and development strategies of agricultural moderately scaled operations were analyzed. The research area has achieved a certain results in agricultural scale development by formulating supportive policies and industrial standards, developing diversified management models, cultivating new-type management entities, and building characteristic bases. However, the following aspects should be paid attention including fragmented cultivated land, land transfer mechanisms, driving capacity of management entities, application of mechanization, and industrialization level. Therefore, the following strategies are proposed: cultivate agricultural socialized service organizations, integrate scattered land for full-process trusteeship, and provide integrated services covering plowing, planting, management, and harvesting; establish land transfer management agencies, improve the transfer system, and guide idle land to concentrate in agricultural businesses to promote large-scale and standardized operations; strengthen operational training for new-type management entities, and enhance their industrial chain driving capacity and socialized service level; focus on major crops and key links based on mountainous terrain, and select suitable machine models and production processes through pilot projects; strengthen industrial chain investment promotion, build an “enterprise + base + farmer” model, implement brand strategies relying on geographical indication products, and increase the added value of agricultural products. In conclusion, agricultural moderately scaled operations in mountainous areas need to be based on resource endowments and explore differentiated development models in accordance with local conditions to achieve the goals of agricultural efficiency improvement and farmer income increase.
The current situation of its agricultural mechanization development and the challenges faced in Wuwei City, Anhui Province were analyzed, and targeted development strategies were proposed. In recent years, through measures such as promoting the construction of full-process mechanization demonstration bases, cultivating agricultural machinery service entities, addressing the shortfalls in mechanized rice planting and transplanting, and implementing high-standard farmland construction, research area has achieved continuous growth in its agricultural machinery equipment stock, significantly improved the comprehensive mechanization level of cultivation, planting, and harvesting for major crops, and optimized the agricultural machinery equipment structure toward large/medium-sized and intelligent directions. However, there are still areas for improvement in its agricultural mechanization development, including the scale of agricultural machinery professional service organizations, the quality and skill levels of practitioners, township agricultural machinery management services, and the construction of public service systems. Based on this, the following strategies are proposed: strengthening policy support and demonstration guidance to foster and expand specialized agricultural machinery service organizations; enhancing personnel training and school-enterprise cooperation to improve service capabilities; optimizing staffing and training while strengthening the development of township-level agricultural machinery management agencies; and promoting cross-regional operation collaboration and service guarantees to consolidate the construction of public service systems. These research provides references for the implementation of regional agricultural machinery strengthening strategies.
