To explore the optimal combination of planting density and fertilizer rate for maize suitable for the Western Liaoning region, a two-factor randomized block design was conducted. Factor A was planting density, with A1–A4 being 3 500, 4 500, 5 500, and 6 500 plants/667 m², respectively; factor B was fertilizer rate, with B1–B3 being 40, 50, and 60 kg/667 m², respectively. Treatment A2B2 was used as the control, with a total of 12 treatments. Agronomic traits such as plant height and ear height, as well as yield, were measured for each treatment. The results showed that with increasing planting density and fertilizer rate, leaf area index, plant height, ear height, internode length, lodging rate, and barren stalk rate generally increased, while stem diameter, ear length, rows per ear, kernels per row, and 100-grain weight generally decreased. Among them, treatment A3B3 performed relatively well, with a leaf area index of 5.86, lodging rate of 8%, barren stalk rate of 1.0%, and 100-grain weight of 35.4 g. In terms of yield, treatments A3B3, A3B2, and A2B3 increased yield by 23.4%, 7.0%, and 2.3%, respectively, compared with the control, while the yields of the other treatments were lower than or equal to that of the control. Comprehensive analysis indicated that under the conditions of this experiment, the suitable planting density for the study area was 5 500 plants/667 m², and the fertilizer rate was 60 kg/667 m².
To establish a low-contamination, cost-effective, and efficient method for culturing virus-free sweet potato plantlets, this study used virus-free test-tube plantlets of Pushu 32 as materials and MS sugar-free agar medium. Five categories of experiments (T1–T13) were designed around key factors including substrate sterilization, aeration method, antimicrobial agent addition, and aseptic operation. These included aeration and substrate sterilization comparison (T1–T4, T10), antimicrobial agent comparison (T5、T6), aseptic operation comparison (T7), combined aeration and antimicrobial agent test (T8–T11), and open-environment test (T12、T13). Contamination degree, survival rate, and growth indicators such as plant height and leaf number were measured under different treatments. The results showed that the influence weights of the factors on contamination and survival rate were in the order of antimicrobial agent > aeration method > aseptic operation > substrate sterilization. Among all treatments, T11 (non-sterilized agar substrate + semi-open aeration + appropriate antimicrobial agent + non-aseptic operation) performed best, with a contamination degree of 0 and a survival rate of 100%. The plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, dry weight, root length, root surface area, and root volume were 9.8 cm, 6.5 leaves, 1.55 g, 0.18 g, 16.6 cm, 6.79 cm2, and 0.38 cm3, respectively. The sugar-free photoautotrophic culture system established in this study can effectively control contamination while simplifying the operation, achieving high survival rates and robust growth of virus-free sweet potato plantlets, and providing a reference for their factory-scale and large-scale propagation.
A pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with amino acid application on the growth of wheat seedlings. Three treatments were set up in the experiment, including blank control (CK), conventional urea treatment (urea at 150 kg/hm2, N150), and reduced nitrogen plus amino acid combined treatment (urea 75 kg/hm2 + amino acid 30 L/hm2, N75+AA). The morphological indices of above-ground biomass (plant height, stem diameter, length and width of true leaves) and leaf nutrient accumulation (phosphorus and potassium accumulation in leaves) of wheat seedlings were determined. The results showed that, compared with the N150 treatment, the N75+AA treatment effectively promoted the growth of new leaves, increased leaf width, and increased the above-ground fresh weight of wheat seedlings by 10.34%. Meanwhile, the co-uptake of nutrients was improved, with the phosphorus and potassium accumulation in leaves increased by 21.50% and 15.12%, respectively, compared with the N150 treatment, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 29.98 percentage points. In conclusion, the application of 30 L/hm2 amino acids under 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduction can optimize the morphological establishment of wheat seedlings and enhance the utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients.
To clarify the effects of soil testing and formulated fertilization on the yield and economic benefits of late rice, a field experiment was conducted using the late rice variety Pengyou 6377 as the material. Three treatments were established: soil testing and formulated fertilization (treatment 1), conventional farmer fertilization (treatment 2), and no-fertilizer blank control (treatment 3). The growth duration, yield traits, and economic benefits of each treatment were compared. The results showed that treatment 1 had a full growth period of 114 days, which was 2 days shorter than treatment 2; the effective number of panicles was 168 700/667 m2, with 132.09 grains per panicle, a seed-setting rate of 86.1%, and a yield of 477.0 kg/667 m2. The fertilizer cost of treatment 1 was 112.41 yuan/667 m2, with a net income of 1 146.87 yuan/667 m2, which was 65.91 and 186.97 yuan/667 m2 higher than that of treatment 2 and treatment 3, respectively. The correction results showed that the difference between the total fertilization rate of treatment 1 (17.52 kg/667 m2) and the fertilizer requirement calculated by the soil fertility difference method (17.30 kg/667 m2) was 0.22 kg/667 m2, indicating that soil testing and formulated fertilization can meet the balanced fertilization requirements of late rice, achieving cost savings, yield increase, and income growth.
To investigate the improvement effects of soil amendment combined with maize straw returning on strawberry continuous cropping soil, plot experiments were conducted with two treatments: soil amendment combined with fresh maize straw return (amendment group), and fresh maize straw return combined with soil solarization (control group). Soil pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and soil nutrient contents under different treatments were determined. The results showed that compared with the initial status (day 0), in the amendment group, soil pH increased by 0.64 and 1.19 on day 10 and day 15, respectively; cation exchange capacity increased by 2.41 and 2.80 cmol/kg, electrical conductivity decreased by 99.90 and 171.81 μS/cm. Soil nitrate nitrogen content increased by 0.60 and 1.02 mg/kg, ammonium nitrogen content increased by 1.64 and 6.30 mg/kg, available phosphorus content increased by 14.40 and 16.95 mg/kg, available potassium content increased by 32.55 and 28.99 mg/kg, and organic matter content increased by 0.39 and 0.49 g/kg. The reduction in electrical conductivity under the amendment treatment at 15 d was 1.38 times that of the control treatment at 40 d. The increases in pH, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus and organic matter content were 12.86, 12.09, 2.00 and 1.63 times those of the control treatment at 40 d, respectively. Collectively, in the present experiment, the treatment of soil amendment coupled with fresh maize straw return achieved better improvement effects on continuous cropping soil than fresh maize straw return combined with soil solarization.
To investigate the changes in the components of the edible rose during its flowering period, this study used the edible rose variety‘Anmei No.1’ as the experimental material and determined the nutritional and aromatic components of its petals at different flowering stages. The results showed that the aroma components of‘Anmei No.1’ were quite abundant. A total of 89 aroma components were detected across the four flowering periods, including 46 components in the bud stage, 48 in the early bloom stage, 48 in the full bloom stage, and 44 in the final flowering stage. Among the aroma components, there were 20 alcohols, with the highest relative content at each stage. There were 19 esters, 18 terpenoids, 6 alkanes, 5 aromatic hydrocarbons, 3 phenols, 4 ketones, 6 aldehydes, 2 ethers, and 6 other types of compounds. The nutritional components of the petals of ‘Anmei No.1’ varied at different times. Among them, the ascorbic acid content was the highest in the bud stage (1.99 mg/g), and the content decreased as the flowers continued to open; the soluble protein content showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching the maximum at the full bloom stage (2.37%); the total flavonoid content reached its peak (4.33%) at the bud stage and then continued to decline; the total sugar content fluctuated significantly at each flowering stage, and generally showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching the maximum accumulation at the early bloom stage (43.55%). The results of this study provide a reference for selecting the appropriate picking time of edible roses in various application scenarios such as food processing, cosmetic preparation, and health product development, based on the processing requirements of the products.
Monopterus albus is an important commercial freshwater fish, and Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the major pathogens affecting its aquaculture productivity. This paper analyzed the composition of the immune system of M. albus and the impact of A. hydrophila on its immune system, and reviewed the research progress on the immune response mechanisms of M. albus against A. hydrophila infection. The immune system of M. albus comprises nonspecific immunity, including physical and chemical barriers (skin and mucus layer), immune cells (phagocytes, natural killer cells, etc.), and immune factors (lysozyme, complement, antimicrobial peptides), as well as specific immunity involving cellular immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (B lymphocytes). After infection with A. hydrophila, virulence factors such as proteases and hemolysins produced by the bacterium can destroy the skin and mucosal barriers of M. albus, activate the host immune response and alter the activity of immune molecules, and also affect the activation and function of T lymphocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes. Its response mechanisms mainly include: recognition of A. hydrophila by pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs and NLRs; activation and regulation of immune enzymes such as lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase; changes in the expression of immune genes such as IRF5 and upregulation of antimicrobial peptide genes such as Hepcidin and Moronecidin; and initiation of specific immunity through MHC molecule-mediated antigen presentation and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. This paper provides a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of the immune mechanisms, disease prevention and control, and aquaculture management of M. albus.
This study conducted continuous tracking and monitoring of fish disease occurrence in large waterbody enhancement areas and pond culture areas from 2021 to 2023 (December to April of the following year). Water quality, pathogen infection status, and fish body condition factor were assessed to investigate the causes of low-temperature syndrome in cultured fish. The results showed that the main symptoms of diseased fish were body surface hemorrhage, fin rot, and visceral lesions. In terms of water quality testing, the standard deviations of temperature across all regions and time periods were ≥5.5 ℃, and pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6. The contents of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in pond culture areas were significantly higher than those in large waterbody enhancement areas, while dissolved oxygen was lower. Pathogen detection revealed that the isolated bacteria were Gram-negative, blunt-ended rods of varying lengths, identified as Aeromonas hydrophila. At water temperatures of 8-12 ℃, the detection rate of A. hydrophila in diseased fish was 33.6%. The detection rate of Aphanomyces in largemouth bass was 43.8%, and in yellow catfish was 37.4%, indicating these were the main pathogens. Condition factor results showed that during the late overwintering period, the average condition factors of silver carp, bighead carp, and crucian carp in large waterbody enhancement areas over the three years were 1.82, 2.26, and 2.41, respectively, while those of largemouth bass and yellow catfish in pond culture areas were 1.74 and 1.71, respectively. Comprehensive analysis indicated that infection by low-temperature-adapted pathogens, fish health status, and abnormal changes in climate and water quality were the main factors contributing to the frequent occurrence of low-temperature syndrome. This paper provides a reference for integrated prevention and control of low-temperature syndrome in cultured fish.
Based on animal models, the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of circular RNA (circRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in regulating tumor progression through multi-dimensional pathways were explored. In animal models, circRNA activates pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin via miRNA sponge effects, while lncRNA promotes glioma cell proliferation in experimental animals by regulating apoptotic factors and hypoxic signaling. These mechanisms affect the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells in experimental animals, influence tumor angiogenesis, and modulate immune responses within the tumor microenvironment to affect disease progression. In translational animal experiments, both circRNAs and lncRNAs can serve as therapeutic targets in animal models of glioma. Specifically, circRNAs can target and regulate the circASAP1/DLC1 axis to inhibit tumor growth, while lncRNAs exert anti-glioma effects through three mechanisms: the regulation of angiogenesis, the reversal of therapeutic resistance, and metabolic reprogramming. This paper provides a reference for dissecting RNA regulatory networks and developing new therapies based on animal models.
To promote the standardized application of the in-situ fermentation bed pig production model in family farms, this study reviewed the technical requirements for in-situ fermentation bed management from 4 aspects: stocking density and pen partition control, manure management and microbial agent initiation, bedding moisture and substrate management, and temperature and feeding coordinated management. It also analyzed the ecological and economic benefits from 4 dimensions: density and pen partition, manure and microbial agents, bedding and moisture, and temperature and feeding. The in-situ fermentation bed model helped reduce NH₃ and H2S concentrations in pig houses, decrease the discharge of aquaculture waste, and promote the resource utilization of bedding materials. It also demonstrated comprehensive advantages in improving pig production performance and meat quality, saving water, electricity, and labor costs, reducing feed costs, and increasing farming income. On this basis, optimization directions were proposed, including density and pen partition optimization, diversification of fermentation microbial agents, diversification of bedding substrates, and rationalization of feed combinations. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and application of in-situ fermentation bed pig production in family farms.
To explore the soil nutrient characteristics of the native habitat of wild Citrus japonica and clarify the key soil factors that affect its population growth and natural regeneration, this study focused on the soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth at 6 wild Citrus japonica distribution sites. The soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available boron, available copper, available iron, available molybdenum, and available zinc were measured for a total of 11 indicators, and a correlation analysis was conducted on them. The results showed that the soil of Citrus japonica was highly acidic with small spatial variations; the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen were relatively abundant, while the contents of total potassium, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus were slightly low; the trace elements exhibited the characteristics of deficiency and high variability. The content of organic matter was positively correlated with the total nitrogen content (r=1.00, P<0.01), pH was positively correlated with the available boron content (r=0.91, P<0.05), and the pH value had a negative correlation with available phosphorus and available copper. Total phosphorus was negatively correlated with available phosphorus (r=-0.43, P<0.05). The growth of wild Citrus japonica was significantly affected by available phosphorus limitation and trace element imbalance, which also exhibited spatial differences. It is recommended to adopt a regional improvement strategy to enhance soil fertility and improve the growth environment of Citrus japonica. This study provides a reference for the protection and rational utilization of wild resources of Citrus japonica.
Pine wilt disease has the characteristics of severe damage, rapid spread, and strong concealment. It mainly spreads through natural diffusion and human activities. When pine trees are infected, their needles gradually change from light brown to dark red. This article analyzed the monitoring and diagnosis methods, prevention and control measures of the pine wilt disease. At present, the methods for disease monitoring and diagnosis mainly include manual field surveys, fixed standard plot investigations, and unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing monitoring. The current comprehensive prevention and control system includes conducting quarantine inspections, strictly prohibiting the transportation of untreated pine wood and its products from epidemic areas; promptly felling diseased and dead trees, implementing forest stand renovation in areas with concentrated disease occurrence, adjusting the tree species structure to enhance the forest stand’s disease resistance; disposing of felled epidemic wood through methods such as crushing and incineration to completely kill the internal pathogens and vector organisms in the wood; for key protected trees, injecting systemic pesticides into the tree trunks to achieve long-term protection; installing light-reflecting lamps or releasing swollen-legged bees to reduce the insect population density. This article provides a reference for improving the prevention and control system of pine wilt disease.
To clarify the current status of woody plant germplasm resources in Mawei District of Fuzhou City, line transect surveys were conducted across the whole district of the study area. Combined with specimen collection and literature comparison, the species composition, distribution and floristic characteristics of woody plants were systematically analyzed. The results showed that: (1) A total of 443 woody plant species belonging to 204 genera and 70 families were recorded, including 78 tree species, 265 shrub species, 88 woody vine species and 12 bamboo species. (2) The family and genus distribution exhibited obvious dominant group characteristics. There were 11 families with occurrence records more than 130, and 26 genera with occurrence records more than 40, reflecting a high level of plant diversity in the study area. (3) Woody plants were mainly distributed below 600 m altitude, presenting distinct altitudinal distribution differences. (4) The flora was dominated by tropical elements (131 genera), and the pantropical type was the core areal-type at the genus level, indicating transitional characteristics between tropical and subtropical zones. Comprehensive analysis showed that the study area possessed high woody plant diversity and obvious floristic characteristics.
This paper analyzed the core applications and existing challenges of intelligent technologies in forest and grassland fire prevention and suppression, and proposed improvement strategies. The core applications of intelligent technologies include intelligent monitoring and early warning, fire risk prediction and assessment, as well as UAV equipment deployment and emergency response. Although intelligent technologies present prominent advantages in forest and grassland fire prevention and suppression, their performance needs to be further improved in terms of data acquisition in remote areas, technology generalization capability, and human-machine collaborative decision-making. On this basis, corresponding application strategies are put forward: low-power and miniaturized base station equipment is deployed, and rapid data transmission technology as well as multi-source satellite data complementation are adopted to realize short-period data update; differentiated and modular intelligent early warning models are constructed to achieve feature-level fusion of data from satellite remote sensing, UAV aerial photography and ground sensors, which enhances the ability of intelligent image recognition to distinguish complex background information; sensor networks and real-time data streams are introduced to incorporate dynamic variables into model calculations, and a human-machine experience fusion platform is established to digitize and model commanders’ practical experience, thereby realizing in-depth integration of human expertise and machine algorithms. This study provides a reference for the prevention and control of forest and grassland fire.
To screen suitable greening plants for the habitat of the photovoltaic understory, based on habitat data of the study area, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted to establish a comprehensive evaluation and screening model for green plants under photovoltaic panels. The target layer (A) was set as comprehensive evaluation and screening of green plants under photovoltaic panels. Three criterion layers (B) including ornamental value (B1), ecological adaptability (B2) and additional benefits (B3) were defined, and the model contained 12 evaluation indices (C) such as ornamental period (C1), flower characteristics (C2) and leaf characteristics (C3). The consistency index (CI) was used to verify the rationality of the model. Combined with existing literature, the scoring criteria and corresponding scores of each index were determined, and plant grades were classified according to weight calculation and comprehensive evaluation scores. The results showed that the consistency ratios of the four judgment matrices (A-B, B1-CI, B2-CI, and B3-CI) were all less than 0.1, indicating that the established evaluation model was reasonable and reliable. Within the criterion layer, B2 exhibited the highest weight, while indices C4, C7, and C9 possessed relatively high comprehensive weights. Based on the comprehensive scores of 45 plant species, all plants were classified into four grades, among which 4 species belonged to Grade Ⅰ, 7 species to Grade Ⅱ, 19 species to Grade Ⅲ, and 15 species to Grade Ⅳ. Grade Ⅰ plants such as Erodium oxyrrhynchum and Carex heterostachya, and Grade Ⅱ plants including Medicago sativa and Carex duriuscula presented strong adaptability to the local habitat and desirable ornamental values, which could be recommended as the optimal greening plant materials for photovoltaic understory greening in the study area.
Based on the current situation of the Guangzhou Yunxi Botanical Garden, Guangdong Province, this article proposed strategies for ecological renewal and optimization of the site from three dimensions: on-site protection, community symbiosis, and habitat restoration. The study area is a typical mountainous garden in the Lingnan region. The original vegetation on the site is well-preserved, and the natural plant community types are diverse, with an excellent ecological foundation. It has a solid foundation for ecological conservation and landscape creation. The renovation and transformation of the study area is based on the core design principles of integrating urban and garden, ecological symbiosis, and low-carbon sharing. Taking into account the unique features of “valley + stream + mountainous area” in this region, the following strategies are proposed: preserve the existing forest land, select native plants such as Mussaenda pubescens and Nephrolepis cordifolia for light re-planting on the slope; scientifically prune the upper large trees to properly open up forest windows and optimize the overall forest structure; add bird-food tree species like Ilex rotunda and Viburnum odoratissimum that are food sources for birds, enriching the honey-producing plant system of the site; implement low-disturbance measures such as slope restoration, water system dredging, water purification, and wetland reconstruction, enhancing the regional ecological carrying capacity. This article provides a reference for the renovation and transformation of similar parks.
Based on the analysis of the current situation of farmland drainage pollution, this study discussed the governance measures of farmland drainage. The primary pollution factors of farmland drainage include nitrogen, phosphorus and a small amount of organic matter, which enter the water environment through surface runoff and soil infiltration and affect the water environment. The pollution sources of farmland drainage are divided into exogenous pollution, including domestic sewage and livestock and poultry breeding waste, and endogenous pollution derived from chemical fertilizers, pesticides and crop straw residues. To mitigate farmland drainage pollution, targeted governance countermeasures are proposed. In terms of technical measures, a straw collection, storage, transportation and comprehensive utilization system is established; soil testing and formulated fertilization as well as water and fertilizer integration technologies are promoted; environmentally friendly pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue are adopted, and pesticide packaging wastes are recycled; water-saving irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation and micro-spray irrigation are applied according to crop water demand and meteorological conditions. In terms of engineering measures, a governance system of “source reduction, process interception, end-of-pipe treatment and recycling” is constructed. Source pollution control is realized by optimizing field layout and supporting water-saving facilities; pollutants are intercepted by vegetation in ecological ditches; ecological regulation and storage facilities and control sluices are adopted to manage drainage discharge and realize the purification and retention of farmland drainage. Furthermore, eco-friendly high-standard farmlands shall be constructed. The above-mentioned farmland drainage control measures shall be optimized and properly arranged to build a recycling system for farmland drainage, forming an integrated comprehensive management mode of “irrigation, drainage, storage, purification, reuse”. This study provides a reference for farmland drainage pollution control and water ecological protection in the study area.
To evaluate the rationality of the site selection for constructing an automatic ambient air quality monitoring station, this paper systematically analyzed the scientific validity and representativeness of the site based on field investigation, air quality monitoring, and data comparison. The results showed that the surrounding land use, the working conditions of the sampling ports, and the sampling port height at the candidate site all met the requirements of HJ 664-2013 Technical Regulation for the Layout of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (Trial). The monitoring data from the proposed station indicated that the air quality in this area met the requirements of a Class Ⅱ environmental functional zone, which was consistent with the air quality monitoring results of the regional reference stations. The relative errors of different percentile concentrations between the proposed monitoring station and the reference station were all less than 15%, meeting the error control requirements for station layout. This study provides a reference for optimizing of regional air monitoring points and for environmental management decision-making.
To screen the disease-resistant varieties of thin-shell walnut, this study used the three Carya illinoinensis varieties (Pawnee, Marhan, and Wichita) that were the main crops as the experimental materials. Through field systematic investigations, the incidence rate, disease index and relative disease resistance index of black spot disease of each variety were statistically analyzed, and the field incidence rate after control treatments (carbendazim 800-fold dilution + difenoconazole·azoxystrobin 1 000-fold dilution + pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole 1 000-fold dilution) was also analyzed. The results showed that there were differences in the incidence rate and disease index of black spot disease among different varieties of Carya illinoinensis. The incidence rate from high to low was Pawnee > Wichita > Marhan, and the disease index from large to small was Wichita > Pawnee > Marhan; Marhan was moderately susceptible, with a relative resistance index of 34.22, while Pawnee and Wichita were highly susceptible. After the prevention and control of black spot disease, the incidence rates in Pawnee and Wichita were relatively high, above 65%, while the incidence rate in Marhan was relatively low, ranging from 20.50% to 22.50%. Compared with the healthy fruits, the transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter and single fruit weight of the susceptible fruits of the Pawnee and Wichita varieties showed no significant differences. It is indicated that the application of the fungicides difenoconazole·azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole can effectively control the spread of black spot disease, and have a relatively minor impact on fruit quality. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control of black spot disease in the later growth stage of Carya illinoinensis.
To effectively reduce the incidence of diseases, pests and weeds and improve peanut quality, Huayu 36 was used as the test material. Three treatments were set up in the experiment: the demonstration zone (Group Ⅰ, eight agents including 1 billion CFU/g Bacillus subtilis granule, 25% thiamethoxam·fludioxonil·metalaxyl-M FS and 450 g/L pendimethalin microcapsule suspension, applied in agronomic practices, seed treatment, field weeding, seedling-stage diseases and pests control, pod-setting-stage control and harvest-stage management), farmer conventional control zone (Group Ⅱ, pesticide application based on farmers’ experience), and water-only control zone (Group Ⅲ). The seedling emergence and seedling preservation, field control efficacy against diseases, pests and weeds, peanut yield and control economic benefits were investigated. The results showed that Group Ⅰ achieved a seedling emergence rate of 96.07%, seedling preservation rate of 92.63% at flowering stage, weed control efficacy of 73.64%, leaf spot control efficacy of 65.71%, southern blight control efficacy of 82.58%, cotton bollworm control efficacy of 90.98%, and white grub control efficacy of 83.93%. The seedling emergence and preservation effect, and diseases and pests control efficacies in Group Ⅰ were higher than those in Group Ⅱ and significantly higher than those in Group Ⅲ (P<0.05). Compared with Group Ⅲ, the average yield of Group Ⅰ increased by 36.82%, and the yield increase rate was 10.62 percentage points higher than that of Group Ⅱ, with an increased economic benefit of 3 666.33 yuan/hm2. In summary, the comprehensive control capacity against diseases, pests and weeds in the experimental demonstration zone was significantly improved, promoting quality and efficiency improvement of the peanut industry and increasing farmers’ income.
To clarify the main disease types, occurrence patterns, and prevention and control strategies of Morchella in Guizhou Province, field surveys were conducted in Morchella-producing areas of this region from 2021 to 2025. Combined with a review of relevant literature, the pathogens, identification of typical symptoms, and occurrence characteristics of the diseases were summarized. The results showed that there were four main diseases of Morchella in the study area, including two fungal diseases (moldy wilt and cobweb disease), and two bacterial diseases (soft rot and red body disease). Moldy wilt was the most widely distributed and most damaging, occurring from February to April; high temperature and high humidity favored infection, with symptoms including white fluffy mycelia on the caps, sunken areas and perforations, and deformed fruiting bodies. Cobweb disease had a relatively low incidence and was found only in a few areas, mostly occurring in March; it was characterized by white, thick mycelia spreading in a cobweb-like pattern, leading to softening of the fruiting bodies. Soft rot was the most serious bacterial disease in the study area and occurred commonly, mainly from February to April; symptoms included water-soaked softening and rot of the stipe, lodging of fruiting bodies, and purulent exudate with a foul odor. Red body disease had a low occurrence frequency. Its symptoms include the cessation of fruiting body development without causing the fruiting bodies to fall over, the fruiting bodies taking on an abnormal red color and having a foul smell, and it can be spread through agricultural activities and weather conditions. Disease prevention and control in Morchella followed a green control strategy of “prevention first, integrated management”, including measures such as selecting resistant varieties, sterilizing and disinfecting soil and substrate before sowing, strengthening field management of temperature, humidity, and ventilation, promptly cutting off infection sources, and scientifically applying chemicals. This study provides a reference for formulating integrated prevention and control strategies for major Morchella diseases in Guizhou.
To effectively control diseases and pests of blueberry in the Suqian region and improve blueberry yield and quality, this study summarized and analyzed the types and damage symptoms of common diseases and insect pests in this region, and proposed targeted integrated control measures. The common diseases of blueberry in the study area include gray mold, twig blight, root rot, leaf spot, and crown gall. Gray mold mainly damages blueberry leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, with gray moldy layers visible on diseased parts. Twig blight mainly damages blueberry branches and stems, causing branch death, with small black pycnidia visible on diseased parts. Root rot is a soil-borne fungal disease that can cause blueberry root rot and death of aboveground parts. Leaf spot is a fungal disease that mainly damages blueberry leaves and, in severe cases, causes leaf withering. Crown gall is a bacterial disease that damages blueberry roots and, in severe cases, causes the death of the entire plant. Common insect pests of blueberry include fruit flies, aphids, scarabs, and thrips. Fruit fly larvae bore into fruits and cause fruit rot; aphids suck plant sap and may transmit various plant viral diseases; adult scarabs feed on blueberry leaves, while their larvae damage blueberry roots in the soil; thrips rasp blueberry tissues and affect the development of leaves, flowers, and fruits. For control, the principle of “prevention first, integrated control” should be adhered to, and agricultural measures such as scientific cultivation, humidity control, regular pruning, rational fertilization, and field sanitation; physical measures such as sticky traps, traps, and black light lamps; biological measures such as conservation and utilization of natural enemies; and timely, alternating, and rotating use of chemical agents should be comprehensively applied. This paper provides a reference for high-quality cultivation and diseases and pests control of blueberry in the Suqian region.
To develop a medicine-food homologous leisure food from Polygonatum odoratum, fresh rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum were used as raw material, and preserved fruit was prepared by a heat-assisted sugar infusion method. Single-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of steaming time, mass fraction of sugar solution, sugar infusion temperature, sugar infusion time, and drying temperature on the quality of the preserved fruit. With sensory score as the evaluation index, the processing technology was optimized by an orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimal process conditions were as follows: fresh Polygonatum odoratum was peeled and steamed over water at 100 ℃ for 1 h; a 35% sugar solution prepared with white sugar and erythritol at a mass ratio of 1∶1 was used; sugar infusion was carried out at 60 ℃ for 3.5 h; and forced-air drying was performed at 40 ℃ for 4 h. The order of factors affecting sensory score was drying temperature > sugar infusion time > mass fraction of sugar solution, and drying temperature had a significant effect on sensory score (P<0.05). The contents of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides, total saponins, and total flavonoids in the preserved fruit prepared under the optimal process were 2.66%, 0.404%, and 0.000 279%, respectively. The preserved fruit obtained by this process has a plump appearance, soft and glutinous texture, and a sweet taste, and can provide a reference for the deep processing of Polygonatum odoratum and the development of medicine-food homologous products.
Near-infrared spectroscopy, as a rapid, non-destructive and multi-component simultaneous analytical technique, receives widespread attention in the field of meat safety detection. This paper focused on the application basis of this technique, analyzed the spectral response mechanisms and detection studies of key safety indicators, including microbial contamination, biogenic amines and freshness, and nitrite residues, summarized its applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis for identifying adulterated meat, water-injected meat and frozen-thawed meat, and discussed the effects of spectral overlap, environmental factors and sample conditions on detection performance, as well as optimization directions such as model universality, on-site adaptability and standardization. Existing studies indicated that near-infrared spectroscopy could achieve relatively high detection accuracy and discrimination rates in various scenarios, providing an effective means for meat quality and safety assessment. In the future, through the construction of standardization systems, optimization of calibration models and multi-technology integration, its application level in online detection and quality control in the meat industry is expected to be further improved. This paper provides a reference for online detection and quality control in the meat industry.
In this study, Camellia caudata cuttings were used as the experimental material. A 3-factor 3-level orthogonal design was adopted. Three substrate types [A1 to A3, yellow soil, peat soil, and yellow soil : peat soil (volume ratio 4 : 1)], the number of top buds of the cuttings (B1 to B3, ≥ 4, 2 to 4, and 1), and the concentration of ABT-1 (C1 to C3, 300, 600, and 900 mg/L) were set as the three factors, and 9 treatment combinations were established. The survival rate, rooting rate, and new shoot length of the cuttings under each treatment were compared. The results showed that the survival of cuttings under A3B2C3 treatment was the best, with an overall survival rate of 93.3%, a rooting rate of 76.7%, and the average root length was the greatest (3.55 cm). Correlation analysis revealed that the above-ground and underground parts remained independent of each other while also having a certain degree of synergy. The length of new shoots was significantly positively correlated with the number of new leaves (P<0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with the number of roots (P<0.05); there was no significant correlation between the number of new leaves and the number of roots or root length (P>0.05). It is indicated that an appropriate substrate ratio combined with an appropriate amount of exogenous hormones can enhance the propagation efficiency of Camellia caudata through cuttings, providing a feasible approach for its introduction, domestication and large-scale seedling cultivation.
This study was based on meteorological data (daily maximum air temperature, daily mean air temperature, daily precipitation, and daily maximum wind speed) from the Heidao regional meteorological station and water quality monitoring data (daily maximum water temperature, daily mean water temperature, and daily mean dissolved oxygen concentration) from a sea cucumber aquaculture base during July–August 2022. Linear trend analysis and correlation analysis were used to investigate the effects of meteorological conditions on the sea cucumber aquaculture environment during the summer high-temperature period. The results showed that during July–August in the study area, the daily mean water temperature ranged from 23.0 to 31.2 ℃, the daily mean air temperature ranged from 18.6 to 28.1 ℃, the daily maximum water temperature ranged from 23.7 to 32.7 ℃, and the daily maximum air temperature ranged from 22.2 to 32.6 ℃. Air temperature and water temperature were extremely significantly linearly correlated (P < 0.01), with daily mean water temperature increasing by 0.68 ℃ for every 1 ℃ increase in daily mean air temperature, and daily maximum water temperature increasing by 0.65 ℃ for every 1 °C increase in daily maximum air temperature. The effects of meteorological factors on dissolved oxygen exhibited multiple characteristics. Dissolved oxygen was significantly positively correlated with daily maximum air temperature and daily maximum water temperature (P<0.05), extremely significantly negatively correlated with daily precipitation (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with daily maximum wind speed (P>0.05). Comprehensive analysis indicated that water temperature exceedance caused by sustained high temperatures and sharp decreases in dissolved oxygen triggered by heavy precipitation were the key meteorological disaster-causing factors threatening sea cucumber aquaculture. Particular attention should be paid to preventing the impacts of the high-temperature period from late July to early August and heavy rainfall.
Medicinal Botany is a basic course for Chinese medicine-related majors and is characterized by rich content, numerous terms, and scattered knowledge points. Focusing on the teaching needs of this course in knowledge system construction, resource integration and application, and precision teaching, this paper explored the application path of an AI course in Medicinal Botany teaching relying on the chaoxing xuexitong smart teaching platform. In terms of the course system, a “microscopic–morphological–taxonomic” three-in-one knowledge graph framework was constructed, and cognitive dimensions, knowledge types, and teaching attributes were annotated for each knowledge point. In terms of resource construction, a “knowledge point–multimedia resource” mapping mechanism was established, and 105 multimedia resources were linked to 231 core knowledge points, with a resource association coverage rate of 85%. In terms of personalized teaching, competency and question graphs were further constructed, and a three-level question graph system was designed. Meanwhile, the intelligent question bank was moved forward to the pre-class self-test stage, and a closed-loop teaching model of “pre-class diagnosis–precise profiling–teaching according to aptitude” was constructed. These measures helped promote students’ systematic construction of the knowledge system, improve the utilization efficiency of course resources, and enhance the intelligence and personalization of teaching. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of Medicinal Botany.
This paper addressed the current situation of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry teaching, including the relatively high difficulty in understanding theoretical content, the need to strengthen practical teaching, the relatively single assessment method, and the need to deepen the integration of curriculum ideological and political education. Teaching reform was carried out from 4 aspects: theoretical teaching, practical teaching, assessment and evaluation, and curriculum ideological and political education. In theoretical teaching, the teaching content was integrated and optimized, the inorganic chemistry part was streamlined, the connection between analytical chemistry and professional application was strengthened, and a blended online and offline teaching method was adopted. In practical teaching, experimental projects were designed in combination with regional characteristics, and students were guided to participate in scientific research projects and innovation and entrepreneurship competitions. In assessment and evaluation, final examination and process assessment each accounted for 50%, highlighting the assessment of practical problem-solving ability. In curriculum ideological and political education, collaborative education paths were explored from 4 dimensions: teacher self-education, teaching method education, teaching content education, and course evaluation education. Practice showed that after the reform, the average final written examination score increased by 28.43% compared with that before the reform. The number of declared and approved projects for college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs increased, among which the projects involving the use of analytical chemistry methods to solve scientific problems increased from 8 to 12. Students’ learning enthusiasm and initiative were stimulated, and their practical ability and scientific research literacy were further improved. This paper provides a reference for the teaching of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and related basic courses in agriculture-related universities.
This paper took the experimental teaching system for food-related majors in agricultural universities as the research object. Based on the demand of the modern agricultural food industry for innovative and practical talents, it conducted reform research around teaching content, teaching methods, resource platforms, and evaluation systems. At the content level, it constructed a multi-level experimental teaching content system that gave equal emphasis to basic and specialized content, and built an experimental teaching platform deeply integrating physical and virtual experiments. At the collaborative mechanism level, it established a “double-qualified” teaching team, promoted effective connection between experimental and theoretical courses, and transformed cutting-edge scientific research achievements into teaching cases and experimental projects. At the education model level, relying on the “future food innovation class”, it promoted science-education collaboration and school-enterprise cooperation and expanded practical education paths. At the evaluation level, it established a competence-oriented multi-subject evaluation mechanism and strengthened process evaluation and multi-subject participation. Practice showed that the reform helped improve students’ practical and innovative abilities, promoted school-enterprise cooperation and industry-education integration, and continuously improved the quality of talent cultivation. This paper provides a reference for the reform of experimental teaching for food-related majors in agricultural universities.
This paper took the Landscape Art Principles course as the research object and conducted teaching reform research around the teaching model, teaching content, practical teaching, and course assessment and evaluation system. At the model level, it constructed a teaching model combining problem-based PBL and project-based PBL. At the content level, it updated project cases in light of the development trends of the landscape industry, and modularly reconstructed the teaching content into seven theoretical modules and one practical module. At the practical teaching level, it expanded online practical teaching paths relying on the chaoxing learning platform and carried out flipped classroom presentations. At the evaluation level, it optimized and formed a three-level assessment and evaluation system containing two first-level indicators, three second-level indicators, and 15 third-level indicators, and introduced a multi-subject evaluation method combining intra-group self-assessment, inter-group peer assessment, and teacher assessment. Teaching practice showed that the reform helped improve students’ learning interest, independent exploration and communication and cooperation abilities, and their ability to use theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems; students’ overall scores also improved. This paper provides a reference for teaching reform of the Landscape Art Principles course and related courses.
This study was based on the import and export trade data of agricultural and forestry products. Through systematic analysis, it examined the challenges faced by the bilateral trade of agricultural and forestry products and proposed specific countermeasures for optimizing development. Over the past 10 years, exports have mainly consisted of fresh fruits, high-value-added fruit and vegetable products, and cotton processing products. The main imports have been resource-based products such as oilseed crops, grains, and animal feed. Bilateral trade in agricultural and forestry products should be given particular attention in terms of trade commodity structure, trade facilitation level, market access conditions, and technical standard systems. Based on this, optimization countermeasures have been proposed in aspects such as optimizing the bilateral trade structure, expanding market access channels, enhancing trade facilitation and infrastructure construction at ports, and deepening institutional alignment and standard mutual recognition cooperation. This research provides data support for optimizing the bilateral trade structure and deepening cooperation in the agricultural and forestry industrial chain.
This paper analyzed the current production status and challenges of forest tree seedlings in Liangzhou District, Wuwei City, Gansu Province, and proposed countermeasures for the development of the seedling industry. The study area has a relatively large-scale seedling industry, and has gradually explored online-offline sales and integrated business models. However, there remain shortcomings in terms of seedling structure and quality, promotion and application of improved varieties, ability to withstand market risks, and financial and technical support for industrial development. To address these weaknesses, the following strategies are proposed: scientifically formulate seedling production plans, strengthen the selection and breeding of native tree species, and enhance standardized nursery management to improve seedling specifications and quality, thereby achieving a balance between supply and demand; focus on the needs of key ecological projects, intensify research on breeding stress-resistant improved varieties, improve the collaboration mechanism between research and production, and strengthen training and publicity to raise the awareness of business entities and increase the utilization rate of improved varieties; rely on information platforms and regional trading markets to break down information barriers between supply and demand, strictly implement the “two certificates and one label” system and quarantine inspection regulations for seedlings, and regulate market circulation order to reduce risks on both sides of the industry; establish special funds to support advantageous seedling producers, and guide small and medium-sized farmers toward intensive transformation through subsidies, training, and other means, so as to promote the sustainable development of the seedling industry. This paper provides a reference for the sustainable development of the forest tree seedling industry in Northwest China.
From the consumer perspective, this study explored the key factors influencing purchase intention for Yantai apples by integrating theories of consumer cognition, geographical indications, and brand value. The study proposed hypotheses that gender, age, monthly income, product core value, and brand added value have positive effects on purchase intention. A questionnaire incorporating dimensions such as consumer individual characteristics and brand characteristics was designed, and 218 valid questionnaires were obtained through “online + offline” random sampling. Data were analyzed using reliability and validity tests, factor analysis, and multiple Logistic regression. The results showed that the questionnaire had good reliability and validity (overall Cronbach’s α= 0.894, KMO = 0.894). Factor analysis extracted two factors (product quality and added value) with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 66.552%. Regression analysis indicated that age, product core value, and brand added value had significant positive effects on purchase intention, while gender and monthly income were not significant predictors. Based on these findings, it is concluded that purchase intention for Yantai apples is primarily driven by age, product core value, and added value. Accordingly, suggestions including age-segmented marketing, tapping into core product value and enhancing brand added value are put forward to provide references for the brand development of geographical indication agricultural products.
To explore the effects of cropland resource utilization patterns and intensity on system carbon emissions, as well as the relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural economic development, this study focused a typical agricultural region. Using the carbon emission coefficient method based on cultivated land use data, it systematically assessed carbon emissions generated during cropland utilization in the study area from 2011 to 2020. It further introduced the Tapio decoupling elasticity model to analyze the dynamic correlation characteristics and evolutionary patterns between agricultural economic growth and carbon emissions from cropland utilization. The results showed that during the study period, total carbon emissions from cropland utilization exhibited an inverted U-shaped fluctuating trajectory, first rising and then falling, and peaked in 2014 at 6.498 5 million t. There were marked differences within the carbon source structure of cropland utilization: carbon emissions from fertilizer production and application had a contribution rate of 44%, higher than those of other carbon sources, making fertilizer the dominant factor driving regional carbon emissions from cropland utilization. The decoupling analysis based on the Tapio model showed that during the study period, the decoupling relationship between agricultural economic growth and carbon emissions from cropland utilization continued to move toward optimization, with strong decoupling accounting for 77.8%. This indicated that made positive progress in coordinating agricultural economic growth with cropland carbon emission reduction, achieving coordinated development of positive agricultural economic growth and negative changes in carbon emissions. This study provides a reference for deepening the understanding of the carbon effect mechanism of cropland utilization and promoting the regional agricultural green and low-carbon transition.
