To investigate the utilization efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers for wheat in the lime-concretion black soil region of Northern Anhui, a field experiment was conducted using the wheat cultivar Houde Mai 981. Five treatments were established: NPK (combined N, P, and K fertilization), PK (N-deficient), NK (P-deficient), NP (K-deficient), and CK (no fertilizer). The wheat agronomic traits, yield and yield components, nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency, and output-input ratio were measured.The results showed that the NPK treatment exhibited superior performance in plant height (78.7 cm), stem diameter (0.69 cm), spike length (9.2 cm), and spike diameter (5.0 cm). Additionally, the NPK treatment achieved the highest values in spike number (5.775 1 million spikes/hm2), grains per spike (33.42 grains per spike), 1 000-grain weight (45.61 g), and grain yield (8 790 kg/hm2). Nutrient uptake in grains, straw, and whole plants was also highest under NPK fertilization, with N, P, and K use efficiencies reaching 42.57%, 19.67%, and 44.13%, respectively. Furthermore, the NPK treatment demonstrated the highest output-input ratio (4.79). These findings indicate that balanced N, P, and K fertilization significantly enhances wheat yield and nutrient use efficiency in the study region, making it a recommended practice for sustainable wheat production in lime-concretion black soils of Northern Anhui.