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Research progress on the effects of photosynthetic carbon-driven rhizosphere processes on phosphorus absorption in plants

  • SUN Benben ,
  • GUO Jing
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  • Huainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huainan 232008, China

Received date: 2024-09-23

  Online published: 2025-06-16

Abstract

This article reviews the research progress on the effects of photosynthetic carbon allocation-driven rhizosphere processes (root system architecture, root exudates, and mycorrhizal pathways) on plant phosphorus (P) uptake, focusing on four key aspects: the importance of phosphorus in crop growth, pathways of photosynthetic carbon allocation, factors influencing photosynthetic carbon synthesis, and the interconnection between photosynthetic carbon and phosphorus absorption. As an essential nutrient element for plant growth, phosphorus plays a crucial regulatory role in the allocation and transportation of photosynthetic carbon between aerial and underground plant parts. Photosynthetic carbon is allocated belowground through multiple pathways: atmospheric release via rhizosphere respiration; temporary storage in roots to support root growth and development; deposition into surrounding soil as rhizodeposits; partial storage in soil microorganisms and fauna; and long-term sequestration in soil organic matter.The primary factors affecting photosynthetic carbon synthesis include nutrient levels, light intensity, and environmental variables (such as moisture and temperature). Photosynthetic carbon-drives diversified underground phosphorus acquisition strategies in plants, including root morphological adaptations, exudate secretion, and mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis, with significant variations in phosphorus uptake efficiency and carbon costs among different strategies. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing phosphorus fertilizer management, enhancing crop yields, and mitigating environmental risks, offering significant implications for promoting green development in resource-efficient agriculture.

Cite this article

SUN Benben , GUO Jing . Research progress on the effects of photosynthetic carbon-driven rhizosphere processes on phosphorus absorption in plants[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025 , 31(11) : 53 -57 . DOI: 10.16377/j.cnki.issn1007-7731.2025.11.012

植物通过光合作用将大气中的二氧化碳固定并转化为光合产物,即光合碳,并将其运输分配到植物体各个部位发挥其功能。光合碳的运输分配是指光合作用合成的有机物从“源”到各个“库”的分配过程。在此过程中,若外界环境或植物自身发生变化,植物能够调整自身光合产物的分配格局来适应这些变化[1],从而提高光合碳的分配和利用效率。光合碳对植物整个生长发育起着至关重要的作用[2]
根际区域作为植物根系、土壤及微生物相互作用最为活跃的界面,承载着动态的物质循环和能量流动,与周围环境紧密相连,共同构成了一个复杂的网络体系[3]。根际区域根—土—微生物相互作用可促进养分活化、增强土壤肥力,有利于植物获取养分,提高植物对生物和非生物环境胁迫的韧性[4-5]。为实现作物生产中磷的可持续利用,提高磷素的利用效率尤为关键。根际作为矿质养分从土壤系统进入植物系统的关键通道,其相关研究备受关注[6-7]。深入理解植物对磷的吸收利用机制,土壤中磷素的物理、化学及生物转化过程,这对于实现农业生产中磷的可持续利用具有重要意义。本文从磷对作物生长的重要性、光合碳分配途径、影响光合碳合成的因素以及光合碳与磷吸收的关系等方面进行论述,为促进农业生产中磷素利用,提高农业生产效率提供参考。

1 磷对作物生长的重要性

磷是一种非可再生资源,粮食生产中需在耕地中施用含磷肥料以维持作物产量[8]。作为植物生长发育所必需的大量营养元素之一[9-10],磷是合成植物体内蛋白质、核酸、腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)等关键有机化合物的重要成分,参与植物体内能量代谢、光合作用、呼吸作用、糖代谢反应、氧化还原反应及信号转导等各种生理和生化过程。此外,磷还可以影响作物品质和产量的形成[11-13]。可见,磷在作物的整个生长发育过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。
在农业生产过程中,磷肥的施用量相对较大,然而主要粮食作物对磷肥的当季利用效率较低,导致土壤中固定的磷含量进一步上升,进而引发了养分资源流失和自然环境污染等一系列问题,增加了农业生产的成本和环境风险。因此,合理调节磷肥施用量,充分利用土壤中累积的磷素,对降低环境的负面影响至关重要。
土壤中磷的浓度一般维持在1~10 μmol/L,明显低于植物组织内的磷浓度5~20 mmol/L[14]。由于磷在土壤中的移动性较差,其向根表面扩散的能力有限,植物易遭受磷缺乏胁迫。植物根系对土壤磷资源的高效获取主要体现在3个层面:根系形态的响应,包括根系在土壤空间中的重新分布以及根系形态特征的特异性改变,以增加磷的吸收面积;根系生理的响应,通过释放质子、分泌物和酶等物质,改变根际土壤的理化特性,或强化与其他生物的互作,从而提高磷的有效性;与菌根形成共生关系,进一步提高对磷的活化吸收能力[15-17]

2 光合碳分配途径

植物对磷营养的高效获取机制与光合碳分配途径之间存在本质关联。光合作用是植物的重要生理活动,是维系陆地生态系统与大气碳循环作用的主要驱动力[18]。植物通过光合作用吸收并固定大气中的二氧化碳,并将其输送到植物各个部位发挥功能。碳素主要以根际沉积的形式进入土壤,包括根系分泌物、死亡根系和植物残体等[19]
在植物生理过程中,根系作为主要的碳素消耗部位,其吸收养分的同时需消耗大量的光合产物[20-21]。植物体内光合碳的地下分配主要用于根系的生长及其生理活动的维持[22]。在农田生态系统内,地上部干物质所占光合碳总量的比例超过50%,其中大部分的光合碳被分配到籽粒中;而在某些自然生态系统中,地下部净初级生产力所占总净初级生产力的比例亦超过50%[23],甚至超过地上部的净初级生产力[24]。由此可见,根系消耗的光合碳对植物生长具有至关重要的作用。根据对大气—植物—土壤中光合碳分配流向的研究,光合碳向地下分配的途径包括:用于根际呼吸释放到大气;暂时存储在根内,以支持根系生长发育;以根际淀积的形式释放到周围土壤中,包括根系分泌物和根系脱落物等;部分存储于土壤微生物和动物中;以及作为有机质长期存储于土壤中[25]

3 影响光合碳合成的因素

光合碳向地下系统的输运效率又受到多重因素调控,当养分水平、光照强度以及其他环境因子等发生变化时,植物光合碳的合成、分配和运输过程将相应地发生调整。
养分水平是影响植物光合碳合成的重要因素之一。当植物地上部生长受到养分限制时,光合作用产生的光合碳将增加向根系的分配,同时增加根系分泌物的释放以及提高外生菌根(Ectomycorrhiza,ECM)和丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的丰度[26]。特别是植物受到磷缺乏胁迫时,地上部生长会受到严重抑制,例如,玉米节根发育迟缓,节根数量显著减少,同时地上部生物量及叶片生长状况亦表现不佳。这可能与磷缺乏影响光合碳水化合物的合成有关。在低磷胁迫条件下,植物不仅能够通过改变根系形态特征提升对磷的吸收效率,而且多数植物的根系还可以通过分泌质子、释放有机酸阴离子、提高酸性磷酸酶活性等生理过程,调节土壤pH和水分等,增强土壤中难溶性磷的溶解度,从而提高植物对土壤中磷的吸收与利用[27]。可见,在不同养分供应强度下,植物会及时调整其根系形态结构及关键生理活动,以增强对土壤环境变化的适应能力。
光照是植物合成光合碳的重要条件之一。研究发现,低磷供应与增加光照强度均能促进植物丛根的形成和柠檬酸盐的分泌,从而增加光合碳向地下部分的分配;光照强度不仅影响植物根系形态,还会影响磷缺乏响应基因的表达[28]。在不同的光照强度条件下,植物会通过调整根系形态及释放分泌物等策略,以适应光环境的变化。
其他环境因子对光合碳的合成与运输也具有一定的影响。其中,水分是影响植物光合碳合成的重要因素之一,在水分限制条件下,植物光合作用的降低会导致非结构性碳水化合物的积累[29]。相较于水分充足条件,水分限制条件下白杨的枝条、木质部、树皮及根中的蔗糖含量升高,根系中的光合碳含量也增加。非结构性碳水化合物含量升高可能有助于水分限制期间的渗透调节。当水分限制生长时,根系生长、根冠比以及根系分泌物通常会增加[30-32],从而使植物更好地适应水分限制环境。此外,在低温条件下,植物也表现出类似的生理反应,即更多的光合碳被分配到地下部分,产生更多的非结构性碳水化合物和次级代谢产物,以抵御低温带来的影响[33]
总之,为有效应对各种限制因子,植物通过采取多种途径改善其生长环境,提升磷等养分资源的有效性,以保证自身正常的生长需求。

4 光合碳与磷吸收的联系

植物体内光合碳分配到地下部主要通过3个途径实现对磷的活化吸收:调整根系构型,优化根系结构、长度和密度等,扩大根系与土壤的接触面积;通过释放包括羧化物、有机酸、氢离子以及其他含碳化合物等物质,活化土壤中的养分;通过根系与菌根真菌形成紧密的共生关系,进一步增强对磷的活化吸收能力[34]
根系结构,即根系的空间配置[35],是植物从土壤中获取养分资源的主要部位[36]。分配至地下部的光合碳大部分被根系生长所消耗。通过优化根系结构,如增加根系表面积和根系组织密度等方式,形成复杂的分枝结构,以促进植物对土壤中养分的有效吸收与利用[37-39]。研究表明,在养分局部供应情况下,根系增生和侧根伸长主要发生在局部养分供应区域;在养分富集区,根系大量增生,显著影响单位根系的伸长速率、总根长、根系生物量以及侧根分支数目;根系在高浓度营养液中的吸收能力较低浓度营养液高出80%[40]。这表明局部养分供应对土壤中根系构型和分布具有显著影响[41]。在磷养分受限条件下,植物通过改变根系结构基因的进化等方式,以维持自身的生存和生长[42-43]。植物光合碳的地下分配可通过根系结构对土壤磷素水平产生响应,实现对养分的高效吸收与利用[44-45]
根系分泌物作为植物的一个重要碳汇,其作用不容忽视。研究表明,根系分泌物的量因植物种类、生长阶段及营养状况的差异而有所不同,其占植物净光合碳的比例可达21%[46]。植物根系分泌物在支持植物生长发育以及根际相互作用过程中起关键作用,特别是在限制因子条件下,根系分泌物有利于提高植物对养分资源的利用效率,促进植物和土壤之间的相互作用,从而改善植物的生长环境[47]。具体来说,植物根系可释放低分子量的羧酸盐分泌物,如柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸等化合物,活化土壤中固定的有机和无机磷化合物,进而增强植物对磷的吸收能力。此外,在磷缺乏环境中,植物会释放包括酚类化合物[48]、酸性磷酸酶和核糖核酸酶[49-50]等在内的根系分泌物,这些物质有助于溶解并活化固定在土壤中的磷,从而增加植物对磷的吸收,以确保植物的正常生长发育。
在多数植物中,丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与根系的共生作用也是提高磷素获取的重要途径[51]。陆地上80%的植物可以与AMF形成共生体,增强植物对磷的吸收能力。其作用机理在于AMF根外菌丝可以通过特异的高亲和力磷转运体,在磷素匮乏的土壤中活化并吸收无机磷,从而提高磷的利用效率[52]。特别是在非农业生态系统中,植物获取磷的主要方式是通过根系与AMF建立共生关系,利用菌丝网络来实现[53]。可见,菌根菌丝也是植物获取土壤中磷的一个重要途径。
综上,本文从磷对作物生长的重要性、光合碳分配途径、影响光合碳合成的因素及光合碳与磷吸收的关系方面,综述了光合碳分配驱动根际过程对植物磷吸收的影响研究进展。大量研究表明,光合碳分配驱动了植物地下多样化的磷获取策略,这些策略大致可分为根系结构调整、分泌物释放和与菌根真菌形成共生关系。不同策略促进植物吸收磷的机制存在明显差异,同时可能伴随着不同的碳成本投入。揭示植物如何权衡不同磷获取机制,对于挖掘植物对土壤中磷的高效吸收与利用的生物学潜力具有重要意义。这不仅是实现作物高产、资源高效和环境友好型农业可持续发展的关键策略,也是深入理解植物适应性进化的重要途径。
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