To investigate the epidemiological patterns of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows on Shandong dairy farms, 282 dairy cows were selected as the study subjects. The california mastitis test (CMT) was used to screen for subclinical mastitis, and the pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified. The effects of milk yield [high-yielding cows (>20 kg/d) and low-yielding cows (<20 kg/d)], parity (1–2, 3–4, and ≥5 parities), and lactation stage (early, peak, mid, and late lactation) on the incidence of subclinical mastitis were analyzed. The results showed that 81 cows were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, with a prevalence rate of 28.72%. A total of 61 pathogenic strains were isolated and identified, including 18 Staphylococcus aureus, 16 Streptococcus agalactiae, 10 Escherichia coli, 7 Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 6 Streptococcus uberis, and 4 Staphylococcus epidermidis. The incidence rates of subclinical mastitis in low-yielding and high-yielding cows were 25.00% and 33.33%, respectively. For cows with 1–2, 3–4, and ≥5 parities, the incidence rates were 19.57%, 28.30%, and 39.29%, respectively. During the early, peak, mid, and late lactation stages, the incidence rates were 20.34%, 35.80%, 30.85%, and 22.92%, respectively. In conclusion, the incidence of subclinical mastitis on this farm was influenced by multiple factors, including milk yield, parity, and lactation stage. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen feeding managementing and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures to effectively reduce the incidence of subclinical mastitis.