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Research progress on the regulation of stomatal development and movement in plants by light

  • ZHANG Xuan
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  • Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of the National Forestry and GrasslandAdministration, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China

Received date: 2024-11-27

  Online published: 2025-08-28

Abstract

The research progress related to the regulation of stomatal development and movement by light was summarized. Stomata, as an important channel for the exchange of gas and water between plants and the external environment, their development and movement are regulated by various environmental factors and play a significant role in the photosynthesis of plants. Stomatal development is regulated in a coordinated manner by internal and external environmental signals of plants. There are two hypotheses for the study of stomata’s response to light: one is the direct response of stomata to light, and the other is the indirect stomatal response caused by changes in intercellular CO2 concentration. There are two pathways for the open response of stomata to light: the guard cell-specific blue light response pathway mediated by PHOT1/PHOT2 and the red light response pathway dependent on photosynthesis. Blue light participates in signal transduction through receptors such as PHOT1 and PHOT2, triggering K⁺ ion influx and promoting stomatal opening. Red light mainly participates in stomatal response through mesophyll photosynthesis. The red light response of stomata is an indirect reaction, which is caused by the response of guard cells to the reduction of intercellular CO2 concentration resulting from mesophyll photosynthesis. In addition, green light can inhibit the opening of stomata induced by blue light, and plant hormones can directly regulate the movement of stomata and their response to external signals.

Cite this article

ZHANG Xuan . Research progress on the regulation of stomatal development and movement in plants by light[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025 , 31(16) : 64 -68 . DOI: 10.16377/j.cnki.issn1007-7731.2025.16.015

气孔是由叶片表皮保卫细胞环绕形成的微小孔隙,通过感知环境信号(如水分、温度、湿度、光照等),触发调节保卫细胞形态和气孔孔径等信号级联反应[1]。叶片表皮上存在的大量孔隙,易导致水分流失,会为病原体入侵提供条件。光照是气孔响应外界信号中重要的环境因子之一。植物通过气孔开放从外界获取CO2进行光合作用,并减少蒸腾作用导致的水分散失[2]。气孔运动保证了植物体的水分平衡,也减小了其感染病原体的概率。气孔运动受光照、CO2、湿度、温度等环境因子的调控。其与植物光合作用、蒸腾作用密切相关,在提高植物生产力和水分利用效率方面起着关键作用。围绕气孔对光照的响应机制,相关学者展开了多维度的研究探索。刘梦龙等[3]阐述了气孔运动和发育的调控机制,概述了通过优化气孔性状提升植物光合速率、生物量与产量的研究进展;宋晨慧等[4]研究表明,3种圆柏属植物依赖保卫细胞长度和宽度的伸缩来改变气孔开度、密度,以适应长期光照差异。陈吉玉等[5]研究认为,适度的荫蔽条件能够促使叶片通过增加气孔开放程度来提高净光合速率,增加碳水化合物积累量,进而增强大豆的耐阴性。近年来,环境因素影响气孔发育和运动的研究取得了重要进展。本文综述了光照对气孔发育和运动的调控相关研究进展,为提高植物光合效率、水资源利用效率以及生物量或产量提供参考。

1 光照对气孔发育的调控

植物通过调控气孔发育适应外界生长环境。作为光合作用的必要能源,光照在植物的生长和发育过程中扮演着重要角色。光信号主要是通过光受体信号转导途径促进SPCH蛋白积累,在此途径中红光受体phyB发挥重要作用[6]。转录因子PIF4与phyB互作可以解除PIF4对关键转录因子SPCH的转录抑制作用,从而调控气孔发育[7]。蓝光受体隐花色素CRY1和CRY2和红光/远红光体phyA共同参与了高光强诱导气孔发育的信号转导途径[8]。Kang等[6]在模式植物拟南芥的光响应实验中发现,光照条件下,光信号会抑制光形态建成因子COP1的活性,导致下游的MAPK信号途径无法激活,从而抑制气孔形成;而黑暗条件下则会促进气孔的形成。COP1功能的缺失使得气孔谱系细胞过度分裂,cop1突变体表现出气孔成簇的表型[9]。此外,在CRY和PHY信号网络下游的组分中,COP1、SPA1、PIFs等转录因子在调控气孔发育方面起关键作用[10-11]

2 光照对气孔运动的调控

目前,相关学者围绕气孔响应外界光照的内在机理展开了全面且深入的研究,旨在揭示其信号传导途径。刘桐华等[12]研究发现,红光和蓝光两种波长的光照射引起气孔开放的程度存在差异,蓝光相比红光明显更能引起气孔开放。在没有CO2的条件下,气孔也会响应光照,即使质体内含有叶绿素含量较高的气孔,光合作用在其生理机制中也仅起着次要作用,与气孔运动间接相关。Scarth[13]研究提出,保卫细胞吸收的光不会引起气孔运动,气孔运动受叶肉细胞同化CO2引发的浓度变化的调控。关于气孔对光照响应的研究存在两种不同的假设,一种是气孔对光的直接响应[14-15],另一种是由细胞间CO2浓度变化导致的间接气孔反应[16]。此外,Heath等[17]研究提出了可能存在一种间接作用机制,通过某种叶肉细胞中的中介物质(某种化学或电信号)来调控气孔运动,而不是通过保卫细胞内部CO2浓度来实现的。Sharkey等[18]利用不同波长的光照射苍耳(Xanthium strumarium)叶片,发现气孔对蓝光的响应是红光的10倍,并推测红、蓝光的感受器均位于保卫细胞中。许多离体表皮与保卫细胞原生质体中的蓝光诱导气孔开放实验均证明了保卫细胞可以不依赖于叶肉直接感知蓝光[19]。此外,相关学者使用气体交换法、离子摄取测量法、微探针法等实验方法对植物保卫细胞进行了持续不断的研究。目前,已明确气孔对光的开放响应有两条途径:第一条是由PHOT1/PHOT2介导的保卫细胞特异性蓝光响应途径,另一条是依赖于光合作用的红光响应途径[20-21]

2.1 蓝光介导途径

保卫细胞对蓝光的响应是一条独立于植物光合作用的途径[22]。目前,在保卫细胞质膜中有2个已被报道的感知蓝光的受体向光素:PHOT1和PHOT2[23-24]。具有phot1和phot2双突变体的气孔在光合作用有效辐射下开放,但其不再对蓝光有特异性反应。蓝光照射会触发蓝光受体下游的一系列级联反应。感知到蓝光后的蓝光受体向光素会发生自磷酸化,之后PHOT与14-3-3蛋白结合,达到一个更为活跃的状态,进而激活保卫细胞质膜的H+-ATPase,使质膜超级化[24]。通过内向整流型K+通道,K+及其他离子流向保卫细胞液泡,使得保卫细胞渗透势升高,液泡吸水,体积增大,促进保卫细胞内侧细胞壁向外运动,发生气孔张开。保卫细胞中存在许多可以间接激活质膜H+-ATPase的激酶[25-26],这些激酶在促进质膜H+-ATPase活化上起着重要作用,但可以起直接作用的激酶尚未见报道[27]。此外,蓝光还会促进植物内部苹果酸和蔗糖的积累,两者均有助于增加保卫细胞内的溶质含量,从而促进气孔开放[28]。保卫细胞调控气孔运动涉及多个信号途径,Hetherington等[29]研究认为,保卫细胞的信号网络模型服从无尺度分布,即使部分信号成分丢失,保卫细胞仍会继续发挥作用。拟南芥的气孔发生PHOT1或PHOT2突变均可以响应蓝光,而两个基因均发生突变的植物气孔对蓝光不发生响应[24]。事实上,并非只有气孔对蓝光产生特异性反应,植物的向光性[30]、光形态建成[31]、开花和昼夜节律[32]以及叶绿体的定向运动[33]等生理机制均需蓝光诱导。

2.2 红光响应途径

红光响应途径是一条依赖于光合作用有效辐射的途径,该途径在高强度的蓝光条件下也会被触发[34]。气孔对红光的响应机制与蓝光大不相同。蓝光诱发的气孔开放仅需相对较低的光度和较短的光照时间,而在部分植物中,气孔对红光的反应需要高强度和较长的光照时间,且其光饱和强度与光合作用相似。红光响应途径是联合气孔行为与光合速率的主要机制[35]。光敏色素Phy分布在植物体的各个器官中,是一种可以吸收红光—远红光可逆转换的光受体色素蛋白质。Wang等[36]研究发现,phyB突变体的表皮气孔对红光的反应能力较弱,而phyB过表达的表皮气孔对红光反应高度敏感。此外,有部分关于光合电子传递抑制剂会抑制保卫细胞响应红光的报道,证明了红光调控气孔运动和植物的光合作用存在重要关联。例如,光系统Ⅱ电子传递抑制剂DCMU(二氯苯基二甲脲)能够抑制蚕豆(Vicia faba)离体表皮上气孔对红光的响应[37]。然而,部分学者提出气孔的红光响应是一种间接反应,其成因是保卫细胞对叶肉光合作用导致胞间CO2浓度降低的反应产生了响应[21]。Ando等[38]研究发现,红光照射拟南芥叶片可以诱导其保卫细胞质膜H+-ATP酶的磷酸化,同时诱导气孔开放;但红光直接照射离体叶片表皮时并未检测到质膜H+-ATPase的磷酸化,气孔也不会开放。Mott等[39]研究认为,紫竹梅(Tradescantia pallida)和豌豆(Pisum sativum)的离体表皮对光或CO2未表现出气孔反应,但当其叶肉层暴露时,其恢复了对光和CO2的气孔反应,说明叶肉细胞的光合作用参与了气孔对红光的响应过程。在实验中,当CO2浓度保持恒定时,气孔也会对红光作出响应,并且红光诱导的气孔开放也发生在剥离的离体表皮中,表明气孔保卫细胞是红光的直接传感器,但此种响应的具体调控机制尚不清楚[40-41]。Lawson等[42]研究提出,在红光下,由保卫细胞光合作用或叶肉光合作用提供的蔗糖或其他溶质可以作为渗透剂驱动气孔开放。目前,关于红光如何调控保卫细胞中的溶质积累以及参与的信号代谢物质暂不明确,参与气孔对红光响应的保卫细胞代谢途径有待深入探究。

2.3 气孔对绿光的响应

尽管关于气孔运动和光合作用方面的研究多数集中在红光和蓝光上,但相关研究表明,绿光在植物对环境的响应中也发挥重要作用。植物通过使用绿色波长作为关键信号,确定短期动态响应和长期发育适应性响应,从而优化资源利用效率和光合作用效率[43]。此外,绿光还可以抑制蓝光诱导的气孔开放,这可能有利于防止光合潜力较低的植物叶片水分过度流失[44]

2.4 参与诱导气孔对光响应的激素

植物激素能够直接调节气孔运动以及气孔对外部信号的反应。Zhu等[45]研究表明,内源性脱落酸(ABA)对拟南芥气孔的红光响应具有抑制作用,并且红光通过部分信号级联反应促进气孔开放,导致保卫细胞ABA含量降低。此外,保卫细胞中CO2的浓度变化会影响与茉莉酸(JA)合成途径相关的代谢物丰度,因此,JA可能介导了部分气孔关闭对CO2浓度升高的反应。Hossain等[46]证实了甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)会促进编码关键ABA生物合成酶的AtNCED3基因表达,这表明内源性ABA参与MeJA诱导的气孔关闭。综上,植物的复杂激素网络在保卫细胞对环境刺激的响应中起着关键作用。

3 结论与展望

气孔是植物与外界环境进行气体交换的场所,其控制水分蒸腾和CO2的吸入,是植物生命活动的重要保证。其会根据植物所在的环境改变表型特征,并为植物在复杂多变的环境中平衡水分散失和光合作用提供了重要保障。近年来,关于气孔发育与运动的研究取得了一定进展,保卫细胞的渗透调节和信号通路网络已被揭示,但目前,该领域仍有部分亟待解决的问题。在气孔发育调控机制方面,气孔发育如何响应光照变化、单子叶植物保卫细胞气孔的发育过程暂未完全明确。在气孔运动方面,直接激活质膜H+-ATPase的激酶暂未见报道。红光诱导的气孔开放是保卫细胞自主性的反应,还是由叶肉光合作用介导产生的间接反应;植物激素调节保卫细胞运动网络的机制,等等,均有待进一步研究。
低强度的蓝光可以减轻干旱胁迫中叶片的气孔振荡,有助于提高植物的抗旱性[47]。Pennisi等[48]研究表明,红、蓝光比例为3∶1的LED灯光有助于提升罗勒(Ocimum basilicum)的作物产量和水分利用率。根据气孔对光的响应规律调控气孔开闭,对于粮食作物的生产[49]和生态系统碳汇能力的提升[3]具有重要意义。在当前背景下,优化气孔对光的响应为逆境下提高农业生产力提供了一种可能性。
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